An apparatus for identifying a material within a sample comprising signal generation circuitry generates a first signal including a first orbital angular momentum (OAM) signature and applies the first signal to the sample. A detector receives the first signal after the first signal passes through the sample and identifies the material within the sample based on a detected second orbital angular momentum caused by an interaction of the first signal with chiral molecules within the sample.

An apparatus for identifying a material within a sample comprising signal generation circuitry generates a first signal including a first orbital angular momentum (OAM) signature and applies the first signal to the sample. A detector receives the first signal after the first signal passes through the sample and identifies the material within the sample based on a detected second orbital angular momentum caused by an interaction of the first signal with chiral molecules within the sample.

Biomarkers of pancreatic cancer are described, as well as methods using these compounds for detecting pancreatic cancer. The methods can be used to diagnose a patient's health state, or change in health state, or for diagnosing risk of developing or the presence of pancreatic cancer. The method comprises analyzing a sample from a patient to obtain quantifying data for one or more than one of the metabolite markers; comparing the quantifying data to corresponding data obtained for one or more than one reference sample to identify abnormalities in the level of the metabolite marker(s) in the sample; and making a diagnosis if an abnormality is observed. Standards and kits for carrying out the method are also described.

Determining a modal amplitude of an inhomogeneous field includes: preparing an initial entangled state of a quantum sensor; subjecting the quantum sensor to the inhomogeneous field of the analyte; subjecting a first qudit sensor of the quantum sensor to a first perturbation pulse; receiving the first perturbation pulse by the first qudit sensor to prepare a first intermediate entangled state of the quantum sensor, the first intermediate entangled state comprising a first intermediate linear superposition; changing the initial linear superposition to the first intermediate linear superposition in response to receiving the first perturbation pulse by the quantum sensor; and determining a final entangled state of the quantum sensor after applying the first perturbation pulse to determine the modal amplitude of the inhomogeneous field of the analyte.

Determining a modal amplitude of an inhomogeneous field includes: preparing an initial entangled state of a quantum sensor; subjecting the quantum sensor to the inhomogeneous field of the analyte; subjecting a first qudit sensor of the quantum sensor to a first perturbation pulse; receiving the first perturbation pulse by the first qudit sensor to prepare a first intermediate entangled state of the quantum sensor, the first intermediate entangled state comprising a first intermediate linear superposition; changing the initial linear superposition to the first intermediate linear superposition in response to receiving the first perturbation pulse by the quantum sensor; and determining a final entangled state of the quantum sensor after applying the first perturbation pulse to determine the modal amplitude of the inhomogeneous field of the analyte.

Provided herein are Mycobacterium smegmatis porin nanopores, systems that comprise these nanopores, and methods of using and making these nanopores. Such nanopores may be wild-type MspA porins, mutant MspA porins, wild-type MspA paralog porins, wild-type MspA homolog porins, mutant MspA paralog porins, mutant MspA homolog porins, or single-chain Msp porins. Also provided are bacterial strains capable of inducible Msp porin expression.

Methods and systems for detecting allergens using mass spectrometry are provided herein. In some aspects, a sample can be screened for the presence or quantity of ovalbumin, lysozyme, casein (isoform S1 and S2), lactoglobulin, high and low glutens, wheat, rye, oats, barley, mustard, sesame, and various types of nuts including macadamia, pistachio, brazil, walnuts, peanuts and hazelnuts by detecting one or more peptides specific to the allergen of interest using selected MRM transitions.

Techniques are disclosed for medical diagnosis devices to facilitate the detection and measuring of emitted RF waves in living cell organisms characterized by chiral matter the electron transport chain of which includes spin polarized electrons. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, an MF of appropriate magnitude is generated to cause the spin polarized electrons to reside at a higher energy level. The electron currents are then detected that are generated in the living cell organisms (and constituted by associated RF emissions) as the spin polarized electrons relax to an equilibrium state. The detecting of the electron currents is achieved using, for example, a receiver to detect an RF wave tuned to a frequency that is proportional to the magnitude of the MF at the fixed depth.

A method is described for mass spectrometric analysis, detection and quantification of catecholamines. The methods can comprise reacting the catecholamines with a 4-aminoantipyrine reagent and detecting and/or quantifying the adduct produced by the reaction. The methods can also allow for multiplexing. Compounds formed by the reactions are also provided.

A zero-field paramagnetic resonance magnetometer (ZF-PRM) system and method for quickly and efficiently finding and optimizing the zero-field (ZF) resonance is described. In this system and method a magnetic coil is used to apply a magnetic bias field in the direction of the pump beam to artificially broaden the width and maximize the strength of the ZF resonance. By making the ZF resonance easy to detect, the ZF resonance may be found quickly found without the use of additional components and complex algorithms. Once the ZF resonance is found, a compensating magnetic field can be applied to null the magnetic field in the vicinity of the vapor cell in the ZF-PRM, thereby initializing it for operation.