A rock sample is subjected to a heating sequence in an inert atmosphere, the effluents resulting from this heating are oxidized, the hydrocarbon-based compounds, the CO, the CO.sub.2 and the SO.sub.2 released are measured, and a pyrolysis pyritic sulfur content is deduced therefrom. The residue resulting from the heating in an inert atmosphere is then heated in an oxidizing atmosphere and the CO and the CO.sub.2 released are measured. The pyritic sulfur content is determined at least from the pyrolysis pyritic sulfur content and from a parameter which is a function of the hydrogen content and of the oxygen content of the organic matter of the sample. It is also possible to determine the organic sulfur content from the pyritic sulfur content and from a measurement of the SO.sub.2 during the heating sequence in an oxidizing atmosphere.

The invention relates to a device and a method for simultaneously determining temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity and comprises a heat source for locally heating a solid body to be examined, a both locally and chronologically high-resolution line and/or surface detector for non-contact temperature measurement along the sample, and a cooling Circuit having a cooling liquid flowing around the lower sample edge, the temperature increase and flow rate of which cooling liquid are measured continuously. The thermal diffusivity is determined by means of the described method from the transient thermal States of the sample, which are adjusted in a controlled manner, during heating and cooling. The thermal conductivity is determined from the steady state with a constant heating output. The specific heat capacity of the sample material is calculated according to the temperature from the data sets relating to the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, which data sets are determined directly and over a large temperature range. Because of the enormous savings in time as compared with the prior art, a large number of different solid bodies can be comprehensively characterized thermally for the first time by means of the invention.

The present disclosure provides a fire test system and method for tunnel structure based on real-time fusion of numerical and physical spaces. The fire test system includes: a physical test unit, to perform a holographic fire test on the typical segment components of tunnel structure system in a physical space, to obtain holographic characteristic parameter data of the typical components; a numerical analysis unit, to establish a full-scale numerical model of the tunnel-stratum composite system in a numerical space, to obtain multi-field coupling boundary data of the typical components; and a fusion control unit, to control and adjust a multi-field coupling boundary of the physical space according to the multi-field coupling boundary data, and to update and adjust an input parameter of the numerical space according to the holographic characteristic parameter data.

The present disclosure provides a fire test system and method for tunnel structure based on real-time fusion of numerical and physical spaces. The fire test system includes: a physical test unit, to perform a holographic fire test on the typical segment components of tunnel structure system in a physical space, to obtain holographic characteristic parameter data of the typical components; a numerical analysis unit, to establish a full-scale numerical model of the tunnel-stratum composite system in a numerical space, to obtain multi-field coupling boundary data of the typical components; and a fusion control unit, to control and adjust a multi-field coupling boundary of the physical space according to the multi-field coupling boundary data, and to update and adjust an input parameter of the numerical space according to the holographic characteristic parameter data.

A specimen heating apparatus includes a heater unit configured to heat a test specimen held in a material testing machine, a heater holding unit configured to hold the heater unit in a set position relative to the test specimen for heating, a specimen temperature measurement unit attached to the heater unit and configured to measure temperature of the test specimen when the heater unit is in the set position, a temperature controller configured to control heating of the heater unit in response to a temperature measured by the specimen temperature measurement unit, and a thermal insulation unit configured to cover the heater unit, wherein the heater holding unit holds the heater unit in such a way that the heater unit is allowed to be brought to and removed from the set position while the test specimen is being held in the material testing machine.

The invention relates to sensing compositional information about material by measuring thermal properties of the material. In one arrangement there is provided a needle probe for sensing compositional information. The probe comprises a needle having a tip region. A resistive element is attached to the needle at the tip region. A measurement system is configured to: 1) drive an electrical current through the resistive element to apply heating to the resistive element, and 2) measure an electrical response of the resistive element to the heating. A processing unit analyses the measured electrical response of the resistive element to the heating to determine compositional information about material in contact with the tip region.

The invention relates to sensing compositional information about material by measuring thermal properties of the material. In one arrangement there is provided a needle probe for sensing compositional information. The probe comprises a needle having a tip region. A resistive element is attached to the needle at the tip region. A measurement system is configured to: 1) drive an electrical current through the resistive element to apply heating to the resistive element, and 2) measure an electrical response of the resistive element to the heating. A processing unit analyses the measured electrical response of the resistive element to the heating to determine compositional information about material in contact with the tip region.

The processing device includes: a temperature transition acquisition unit that acquires rising transition of the temperature of the winding in a state in which a first voltage is applied in order to raise a temperature of the winding to a first temperature and further acquires falling transition of the temperature of the winding in a state in which a second voltage is applied in order to lower the temperature of the winding to a second temperature that is lower than the first temperature after the temperature of the winding converges to the first temperature; and a decision unit that calculates stator-related parameters on the basis of the falling transition to decide a stator temperature characteristic mode and further calculates winding-related parameters on the basis of the rising transition and a stator temperature characteristic model to decide a winding temperature characteristic model.

The processing device includes: a temperature transition acquisition unit that acquires rising transition of the temperature of the winding in a state in which a first voltage is applied in order to raise a temperature of the winding to a first temperature and further acquires falling transition of the temperature of the winding in a state in which a second voltage is applied in order to lower the temperature of the winding to a second temperature that is lower than the first temperature after the temperature of the winding converges to the first temperature; and a decision unit that calculates stator-related parameters on the basis of the falling transition to decide a stator temperature characteristic mode and further calculates winding-related parameters on the basis of the rising transition and a stator temperature characteristic model to decide a winding temperature characteristic model.

A device (100) for detecting settled solids (300) in a conduit (200) for transporting slurry. The device (100) comprises a housing (110) positionable to define at least a segment of a flow path for the slurry. The device (100) comprises a reference temperature sensor (140) associated with the inside of the housing 110 in order to measure an ambient temperature of the slurry within the conduit. The device (100) further comprises a plurality of heaters (150) spaced around part of the inside circumference housing (110) that are maintained at a target temperature that is higher titan the ambient temperature of the slurry.