The invention aims to suppress an effect of noise and heat generated from a memory on a measurement result in an ion concentration measuring device that uses an ion detection element for outputting a potential corresponding to the concentration of ions. The ion concentration measuring device according to the invention includes a cartridge having an ion detection element and a memory and supplies power to the memory in a time period excluding a time period for which the potential generated by the ion detection element is acquired.

An electrochemical sensor comprising a probe immersible in a measured medium and having at least two electrodes of a first electrically conductive material and at least one probe body of a second, electrically non-conductive material. The electrodes are at least partially embedded in the probe body and insulated from one another by the probe body, wherein the at least two electrodes are embodied of at least one conductive material and the probe body of at least one electrically insulating ceramic, wherein the electrodes are embodied of thin, measuring active layers of a conductive material and sit in an end face of the probe body of a ceramic material, and wherein the electrodes are electrically contacted via connection elements extending through the probe body.

A sensor includes a body member, a volume change body, and a detection member. The body member has a flat plate-like shape, a first end in a first direction being supported, and a storage space opening at at least one of both end faces in a thickness direction. The volume change body, whose volume changes depending on an amount of a target, is supported by the body member so that at least a part of the volume change body is stored in the storage space. The detection member is in contact with a second end in the first direction of the body member, and detects stress caused by the change in the volume of the volume change body.

A bubble detection sensor includes an emitter having an emitting surface and a receiver positioned on a side of a fluid conduit opposite the emitter. The receiver has a receiving surface adapted to receive a signal emitted by the emitter through a fluid of the fluid conduit. A sensor axis extending normal to the emitting surface and the receiving surface is disposed at a rotation offset angle with respect to a plane extending normal to a longitudinal conduit axis of the fluid conduit. The rotation offset angle is set to optimize a ratio of a sensitivity of the signal received by the receiver to an efficiency of the signal received by the receiver.

A bubble detection sensor includes an emitter having an emitting surface and a receiver positioned on a side of a fluid conduit opposite the emitter. The receiver has a receiving surface adapted to receive a signal emitted by the emitter through a fluid of the fluid conduit. A sensor axis extending normal to the emitting surface and the receiving surface is disposed at a rotation offset angle with respect to a plane extending normal to a longitudinal conduit axis of the fluid conduit. The rotation offset angle is set to optimize a ratio of a sensitivity of the signal received by the receiver to an efficiency of the signal received by the receiver.

A system includes a ground based area, an electromagnetic (EM) interrogation device having an EM emitter that directs an EM beam at the ground based area. The EM interrogation device includes a detector array that receives reflected EM radiation from the EM beam, and a controller having a ground movement description module that determines a movement profile of the ground based area in response to the reflected EM radiation.

A system includes a ground based area, an electromagnetic (EM) interrogation device having an EM emitter that directs an EM beam at the ground based area. The EM interrogation device includes a detector array that receives reflected EM radiation from the EM beam, and a controller having a ground movement description module that determines a movement profile of the ground based area in response to the reflected EM radiation.

A gas sensor device includes a package including a cap in which a through hole for taking gas is formed and a base in which a recessed portion is formed. The cap is attached to the base so that a space is defined around the recessed portion. The device includes metal electrodes fixed to portions surrounding the recessed portion and embedded in the base. The device includes a gas detecting element, which includes a gas detector having a coil-shaped heater that is heated when detecting a predetermined gas, and a plurality of metal lead wires extending from the gas detector to the electrodes. The gas detecting element is held in a suspended state in the recessed portion and/or a space above the recessed portion with the plurality of lead wires, so that the gas detecting element, which includes the heater, does not make contact with walls of the recessed portion.

A gas sensor device includes a package including a cap in which a through hole for taking gas is formed and a base in which a recessed portion is formed. The cap is attached to the base so that a space is defined around the recessed portion. The device includes metal electrodes fixed to portions surrounding the recessed portion and embedded in the base. The device includes a gas detecting element, which includes a gas detector having a coil-shaped heater that is heated when detecting a predetermined gas, and a plurality of metal lead wires extending from the gas detector to the electrodes. The gas detecting element is held in a suspended state in the recessed portion and/or a space above the recessed portion with the plurality of lead wires, so that the gas detecting element, which includes the heater, does not make contact with walls of the recessed portion.

Methods and systems for stimulating and monitoring electrogenic cells are described. Some systems for stimulating electrogenic cells are based on the injection of electric currents into the cells via electrodes connected to the cells. Such stimulators may comprise an impedance element having an input terminal and an output terminal coupled to an electrode, and a voltage follower coupled between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element, the voltage follower being configured to maintain a substantially constant voltage between the input terminal and the output terminal of the impedance element. The impedance element may comprise one or more switched capacitors at least in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the voltage follower may be implemented using a source follower.