An exemplary smoking topography circuit of an electronic aerosol smoking article, includes at least one sensor configured to measure user interaction with the smoking article, a processor, and memory. The processor is configured to detect a smoking event based an output of the at least one sensor, collect data associated with the smoking event, and arrange the data in a pattern that associates the smoking event to shifts in battery voltage. The memory is configured to store the data pattern in a structured multi-byte format.

An exemplary smoking topography circuit of an electronic aerosol smoking article, includes at least one sensor configured to measure user interaction with the smoking article, a processor, and memory. The processor is configured to detect a smoking event based an output of the at least one sensor, collect data associated with the smoking event, and arrange the data in a pattern that associates the smoking event to shifts in battery voltage. The memory is configured to store the data pattern in a structured multi-byte format.

An apparatus for storing a thin film device, the apparatus including: a thin film device 3 having an insulating thin film containing Si and having a thickness of 100 nm or less; a solution in contact with the thin film; and a container having a tank that seals the solution, wherein the solution is a solution that satisfies any of the following conditions (1) to (3). (1) A solution containing water in a volume ratio of 0% or more to 30% or less (2) A solution cooled and maintained at a temperature equal to or higher than a solidification point and lower than 15° C. (3) A solution that contains a salt with a concentration of 1 mol/L or more and a saturation concentration or less and is cooled and maintained to a temperature equal to or higher than a solidification point and lower than 25° C.

A method for time constant estimation includes generating a bound for a R=1/g of the inverse solution; for any R picked within the bound for R, extracting the voltage dependence of the time constant; and extracting the roots of a tree like structure. A method to quantify a time constant of each gate of a Hodgkin Huxley formalism with activating and inactivating gates with currents recorded with a T-step and G-step protocols, and methods to quantify a time constant of each gate of a Hodgkin Huxley formalism with activating and inactivating gates are also described.

Various approaches can be used to interrogate a surface such as a surface of a layered semiconductor structure on a semiconductor wafer. Certain approaches employ Second Harmonic Generation and in some cases may utilize pump and probe radiation. Other approaches involve determining current flow from a sample illuminated with radiation. Decay constants can be measured to provide information regarding the sample. Additionally, electric and/or magnetic field biases can be applied to the sample to provide additional information.

Various approaches can be used to interrogate a surface such as a surface of a layered semiconductor structure on a semiconductor wafer. Certain approaches employ Second Harmonic Generation and in some cases may utilize pump and probe radiation. Other approaches involve determining current flow from a sample illuminated with radiation. Decay constants can be measured to provide information regarding the sample. Additionally, electric and/or magnetic field biases can be applied to the sample to provide additional information.

According to various embodiments, there is provided an odor sensor including at least two sensor elements each having a substance adsorbing membrane for adsorbing one or more odor substances included in air; and an electrical signal conversion unit for measuring the electrical characteristics of the substance adsorbing membrane after adsorption of the substance, in which the substance adsorbing membrane has a main skeleton containing an electroconductive polymer and contains a dopant for modifying the main skeleton of the electroconductive polymer, and the at least two sensor elements are respectively provided with substance adsorbing membranes having different proportions of the main skeleton and the dopant. Also provided is an odor measurement system using the sensor.

Disclosed are apparatus, method and system for monitoring mold based on weak electrical signals. The apparatus comprises a mold collector, a power supply, a trans-impedance amplifier, and an analog-to-digital converter, wherein the mold collector is smeared with a trophoplasm, and a substrate of the mold collector has electrical conductivity, the power supply is used for applying a voltage to the substrate of the mold collector, the trans-impedance amplifier is used for amplifying a weak current generated from the substrate of the mold collector to a voltage signal, and the analog-to-digital converter is used for converting the voltage signal amplified by the trans-impedance amplifier into a digital signal for determining the quantity of molds.

A nucleic acid detection device includes a microfluidic opening and a sensor stack. The sensor stack includes an electrochemical electrode and a photodetector. The electrochemical electrode is formed of a conductive material that is transparent to a fluorescent emission, the electrochemical electrode including a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the first side is exposed to the microfluidic opening. The photodetector is positioned relative to the second side of the electrochemical electrode to optically receive the fluorescent emission when passed through the electrochemical electrode.

A nucleic acid detection device includes a microfluidic opening and a sensor stack. The sensor stack includes an electrochemical electrode and a photodetector. The electrochemical electrode is formed of a conductive material that is transparent to a fluorescent emission, the electrochemical electrode including a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the first side is exposed to the microfluidic opening. The photodetector is positioned relative to the second side of the electrochemical electrode to optically receive the fluorescent emission when passed through the electrochemical electrode.