A sensor is configured to measure the carbon dioxide concentration in a gas mixture. The sensor has a dielectric layer arranged between a layer-like first electrode and a layer-like second electrode. The second electrode is a composite electrode that has at least one carbonate and/or one phosphate as first material and at least one metal as second material. This sensor can be manufactured by a method comprising applying a layer-like first electrode to a substrate, applying a dielectric layer to the first electrode, and applying a layer-like second electrode to the dielectric layer. The second electrode is applied as a composite electrode that has at least one carbonate and/or one phosphate as first material and has at least one second material that has an electrical conductivity of more than 10-2 S/m.

An apparatus for determining a presence, a concentration or a change in concentration of a target material in an environment is disclosed. The apparatus comprises first and second sensors configured to respond to the target material. The apparatus further comprises a fluid inlet in fluid communication with the environment, and a valve assembly having a first and second configuration. In the first configuration, the fluid inlet is in fluid communication with only the first sensor. In the second configuration, the fluid inlet is in fluid communication with the first sensor and the second sensor.

A sensor system includes a sensor configured to measure a parameter. The sensor system also includes a memory configured to record one or more occurrences when the parameter is outside of a predetermined range. The memory includes a wire, a counter-electrode, and an electrolyte.

A sensor includes a body member, a volume change body, and a detection member. The body member has a flat plate-like shape, a first end in a first direction being supported, and a storage space opening at at least one of both end faces in a thickness direction. The volume change body, whose volume changes depending on an amount of a target, is supported by the body member so that at least a part of the volume change body is stored in the storage space. The detection member is in contact with a second end in the first direction of the body member, and detects stress caused by the change in the volume of the volume change body.

A method and system is disclosed for testing a cathodic protection system that protects a metallic structure with one or more DC power sources electrically connected to the metallic structure and an associated reference electrode. The metallic structure may be cathodically protected at multiple locations. A Cathodic Protection Waveform Monitoring Unit (CPWMU) operates independently from power cycling by the cathodic protection system to measure cathodic protection voltage levels by measuring, over one or more measurement time periods, a voltage differential between the metallic structure and its associated reference electrode, a plurality of times when power provided to the metallic structure is cycled on and off. The CPWMU includes digital storage to store values indicative of the measured voltage differentials over the measurement time period. A Cathodic Protection Waveform Reader (CPWR) that may be remotely located from any CPWMU communicates with a number of CPWMU's within communication range to obtain the values stored in the CPWMUs. The CPWR may be positioned in a variety of aircraft, vehicles or be hand carried.

A method and system is disclosed for testing a cathodic protection system that protects a metallic structure with one or more DC power sources electrically connected to the metallic structure and an associated reference electrode. The metallic structure may be cathodically protected at multiple locations. A Cathodic Protection Waveform Monitoring Unit (CPWMU) operates independently from power cycling by the cathodic protection system to measure cathodic protection voltage levels by measuring, over one or more measurement time periods, a voltage differential between the metallic structure and its associated reference electrode, a plurality of times when power provided to the metallic structure is cycled on and off. The CPWMU includes digital storage to store values indicative of the measured voltage differentials over the measurement time period. A Cathodic Protection Waveform Reader (CPWR) that may be remotely located from any CPWMU communicates with a number of CPWMU's within communication range to obtain the values stored in the CPWMUs. The CPWR may be positioned in a variety of aircraft, vehicles or be hand carried.

Method and device according to the method for determining intracellular and/or extracellular, in particular macromolecular fractions of fluids, preferably of body fluids of living organisms, with the steps: coupling-in a measurement signal through an electrically non-conductive wall into the fluid to be measured; coupling-out an electrical measurement value that is thereby generated in the fluid to be measured; detecting the coupled-out electrical measurement value at a plurality of different frequencies of the electrical measurement signal; determining the intracellular and/or extracellular, in particular macromolecular fractions of the fluid to be measured by means of evaluation of the detected electrical measurement value at a plurality of frequencies of the measurement signal.

Method and device according to the method for determining intracellular and/or extracellular, in particular macromolecular fractions of fluids, preferably of body fluids of living organisms, with the steps: coupling-in a measurement signal through an electrically non-conductive wall into the fluid to be measured; coupling-out an electrical measurement value that is thereby generated in the fluid to be measured; detecting the coupled-out electrical measurement value at a plurality of different frequencies of the electrical measurement signal; determining the intracellular and/or extracellular, in particular macromolecular fractions of the fluid to be measured by means of evaluation of the detected electrical measurement value at a plurality of frequencies of the measurement signal.

A bioFET cell for measuring a time dependent characteristic of an analyte bearing fluid includes a source, a drain, a semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer extending between the source and drain electrodes and electrically coupled there between, a gate insulatively spaced from and disposed over and extending between the source and drain electrodes, a layer of at least one selected antibody disposed on and linked to the polymer layer to functionalize the semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer to a selected target biomarker corresponding to the at least one selected antibody so that electron transport into the semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer is facilitated, where the source, drain and gate electrodes with the carbon nanotube network layer form a defined channel through which the analyte bearing fluid may flow, and a high impedance source follower amplifier coupled to the source electrode.

The present invention provides a structure for integrating microfluidic devices and electrical biosensors, including: a substrate for carrying an electrical biosensor; a microfluidic channel layer for providing at least a fluid to flow; a cover member for the inflow and outflow of the at least a fluid, and an electrical biosensor, having a biosensing layer and mounted to the cover member in a flip-chip manner; wherein the fluid flows into an inlet, passes the electrical biosensor for sensing and flows out through a fluid outlet.