The invention provides methods of monitoring development of renal inflammation in a subject who has an infection by analyzing levels of one or more UDP-hexoses, such as UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-glucuronic acid, N-acetyl-UDP-glucosamine or N-acetyl-UDP-galactosamine, in a sample from the subject. The invention also provides methods of treating or preventing renal inflammation in a subject who has an infection by providing a P2Y14 receptor antagonist to the subject.

The present invention relates to a nanovesicle comprising a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor, a method for preparing the nanovesicle, a field effect transistor-based taste sensor comprising the nanovesicle, and a method for manufacturing the taste sensor. The field effect transistor based taste sensor functionalized by the nanovesicle comprising the heterodimer G-protein coupled receptor according to the present invention has excellent sensitivity and selectivity and may highly specifically detect a sweet taste substance in real time, by using the heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor and the nanovesicle comprising the same.

The present invention provides methods, compositions, apparatus, and kits for assessing glycoforms of proteins as a biomarker for disease. A purified recombinant form of lectin is used as a detector molecule to specifically label target sugars expressed in disease states. The high affinity of recombinant lectin allows for automation of assays that would be used in the diagnosis of diseases such as, but not limited to, cancer or liver disease.

The present invention relates to methods for the diagnosis or prognosis of conditions caused by defects in cholesterol bio synthesis, such as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), in particular to early diagnostic methods including in utero methods. In one aspect, the method comprises detecting in a biological sample levels of delta-5 bile acid conjugated with 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcNAc) of formula (I)

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Disclosed herein are methods, devices and kits suitable for high throughput screenings of extracellular pyridine nucleotide levels, such as NAD.sup.+ levels which are suitable for monitoring pyridine nucleotide induced slowdown of not only pathogenesis of multiple systemic diseases but also aging. In particular, assaying methods quantifying extracellular pyridine nucleotide(s), such as NAD.sup.+, in the low micromolar to the low nanomolar range in a sample that may have been subjected to long term storage are disclosed using a two-step enzymatic cycling reaction employing an oxidoreductase such as alcohol dehydrogenase. A modified revised simulated body fluid is also disclosed that is employed as a standard matrix to optimise enzymatic activity, linearity and/or sensitivity of the methods, devices and kits.

This disclosure relates to a screening test method, device, and kit for mucosal carbohydrates and associated conditions including, cancerous and precancerous conditions. Specifically, the method tests abnormal carbohydrates in mucus or body fluid using reagents of galactose oxidase, and Schiff's Reagent. The screening test method, device, and kit provides improved accuracy, and minimizes handling procedures. This disclosure further relates to the use of the device or kit in a medical facility for an initial evaluation for cancerous and precancerous conditions.

This disclosure relates to a screening test method, device, and kit for mucosal carbohydrates and associated conditions including, cancerous and precancerous conditions. Specifically, the method tests abnormal carbohydrates in mucus or body fluid using reagents of galactose oxidase, and Schiff's Reagent. The screening test method, device, and kit provides improved accuracy, and minimizes handling procedures. This disclosure further relates to the use of the device or kit in a healthcare facility for an initial evaluation for cancerous and precancerous conditions.

The cell labeling agent includes a monosaccharide derivatives with a six-membered ring structure that are metabolized to sialic acid in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway of cells. Among the groups bonded to carbon atoms constituting a six-membered ring in the monosaccharide derivatives, at least one group that does not change, even when metabolized by the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway, includes a ring structure with a carbon-carbon double bond or triple bond.

An apparatus for glycan analysis is disclosed. The apparatus includes a plurality of loading wells adapted to receive a plurality of samples; a plurality of capillaries arranged in correspondence with the loading wells, each of the capillaries including a first portion including a stacking gel and a second portion including a resolving gel; and a plurality of eluting wells arranged in correspondence with the capillaries and adapted to receive a portion of the samples having traversed the capillaries.

Provided herein are compositions, kits, methods and systems related to administering a structure that crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) along with a monosaccharide, either simultaneously or consecutively. The structure may be, for example an antibody or fusion antibody that binds to an insulin receptor.