The disclosure provides methods for differentiating between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The method includes measuring eicosanoids and fatty acid levels in a biological sample.

A method for detecting lipoarabinomannan in a biological sample is described, including the step of contacting the biological sample with at least one acid selected from the group consisting of perchloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and sulfosalicylic acid. Methods for diagnosing diseases, including tuberculosis, and kits for the described methods are also presented.

To provide a method for simply and precisely measuring cholesterol (LDL-C) in low-density lipoprotein in a sample without use of any surfactant having an alkylphenol structure, in terms of environmental friendliness. A method for measuring LDL-C in a sample, the method comprising: reacting the sample with (i) a combination of cholesterol ester hydrolase and cholesterol oxidase or (ii) a combination of cholesterol ester hydrolase, an oxidized coenzyme and cholesterol dehydrogenase, in an aqueous solvent which comprises: [a] one or more surfactants selected from the group consisting of a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl ether; and [b] a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene copolymer; and which does not comprise any surfactant having an alkylphenol structure; and measuring a substance formed or consumed in the reaction.

A method of determining the presence or absence in a sample of a biomarker, the method comprising the steps of (a) providing a porous substrate which carries an antigen; (b) contacting the substrate with the sample; (c) contacting the substrate with a composition comprising a secondary antibody; and (d) observing the substrate. The method may enable a very quick, simple test to be carried out to determine whether or not a particular sample contains a biomarker, for example an antibody indicative of infection with a mycobacterial disease. A kit and a device for determining the presence or absence in a sample of a biomarker are also described.

Methods for detecting risks for and/or causes of metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia in accordance with several embodiments can include the step of measuring the level of heptadecanoic acid in a blood sample of a subject. The methods of several embodiments can further include the step of deeming the subject as having or being at risk of metabolic syndrome if the amount of heptadecanoic acid is below 0.4% of all fatty acids in the sera or plasma. The methods for treating metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia according to several embodiments can also include the step of administering a daily dose of heptadecanoic acid to a subject suffering from metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia for a period of time from three weeks to twenty-four weeks, wherein the minimum daily dose comprises about 3 mg per lb (or 6 mg per kg) of body weight.

Provided are a noninvasive measurement of cell signals and a method thereof, wherein the measurement method can ascertain cell proliferation and differentiation states using MRS and can enable cells to be reused so that cell states can be evaluated with improved reproducibility and reliability. And since the cell signals are noninvasively measured using the MRS, the corresponding cells can be reused so that the cost and time needed for one experiment can be remarkably reduced.

A method for treating and/or diagnosing pain and the source or type of pain, shock, and/or inflammatory conditions in a subject. A method of using a therapeutically effective amount of a DNA or RNA aptamer that shows high affinity for OLAMs to at least partially treat pain, shock, and/or inflammatory conditions in a subject. The DNA or RNA aptamer that shows high affinity for OLAMs may be coupled to a plasma protein binding compound or a pharmacologically active agent. A method of treating and or diagnosing pain, shock, and/or inflammatory conditions in a subject may include inactivating or preventing at least one linoleic acid metabolite to treat certain conditions (e.g., pain, shock, and/or inflammation) using a DNA or RNA aptamer that shows high affinity for OLAMs.

Methods for detecting risks for and/or causes of metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia in accordance with several embodiments can include the step of measuring the level of heptadecanoic acid in a blood sample of a subject. The methods of several embodiments can further include the step of deeming the subject as having or being at risk of metabolic syndrome if the amount of heptadecanoic acid is below 0.4% of all fatty acids in the sera or plasma. The methods for treating metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia according to several embodiments can also include the step of administering a daily dose of heptadecanoic acid to a subject suffering from metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia for a period of time from three weeks to twenty-four weeks, wherein the minimum daily dose comprises about 3 mg per lb (or 6 mg per kg) of body weight.

Methods are provided for synthesizing mixtures of lipids that are representative of the structural diversity of the lipids present in samples of interest. The complex mixtures of lipids produced according to the methods of the present disclosure can be used as internal standards for detecting and quantifying the lipids in samples of interest. Kits including the internal standards and instructions for their use in the detection and quantification of lipids in samples of interest are also provided.

Methods for detecting risks for and/or causes of metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia in accordance with several embodiments can include the step of measuring the level of heptadecanoic acid in a blood sample of a subject. The methods of several embodiments can further include the step of deeming the subject as having or being at risk of metabolic syndrome if the amount of heptadecanoic acid is below 0.4% of all fatty acids in the sera or plasma. The methods for treating metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia according to several embodiments can also include the step of administering a daily dose of heptadecanoic acid to a subject suffering from metabolic syndrome or hyperferritinemia for a period of time from three weeks to twenty-four weeks, wherein the minimum daily dose comprises about 3 mg per lb (or 6 mg per kg) of body weight.