The invention provides an isolated peptide comprising a lactylated lysine and a specific affinity reagent that specifically binds to a lactylated lysine in a peptide. Also provided are a method for detecting a lactylated lysine in a protein or a fragment thereof using the affinity reagent and a method for isolating the affinity reagent.

Methods and system for identifying and/or quantifying a protein are provided herein.

The present invention provides a method of quantifying the activity of a protein modifying enzyme in a sample, comprising calculating the value K for said protein-modifying enzyme on the basis of the number of modified peptides in a sample that are substrates of said protein modifying enzyme, the intensity of the modified peptides, each modified peptide in the sample that is a substrate of said protein modifying enzyme, the total number of modified peptides in the sample, the intensity of the modified peptides and all of the modified peptides in the sample. A method of quantifying the activity of a protein modifying enzyme in a sample, comprising calculating the value SC for said protein-modifying enzyme on the basis of a reduction in proliferation using an inhibitor at an inhibitor concentration at which proliferation is measured and the “in vitro” IC50i of the inhibitor against a primary target is also provided. The invention further provides methods of identifying inhibitors with which to treat a patient, methods of treatment, a computer readable medium, a computer program product and devices for carrying out the methods.

Disclosed are methods of quantifying multiple quality attributes, such as post translational modifications, of multiple samples in a single mass spectrometry (MS) run, including contacting two or more samples with a digesting solution under conditions sufficient to digest samples, wherein each sample is digested separately and the digesting solution is a Tris-free buffer solution; contacting each of the two or more digested samples with a specific Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling reagent under conditions sufficient to label peptides within each of the digested samples with the specific TMT labeling reagent; quenching labeling of peptides within each of the two or more digested samples; combining equal volumes of the two or more labeled, digested samples into a single combined sample solution; and analyzing the single combined sample solution by targeted mass spectral analysis, thereby allowing multiple quality attributes of the two or more samples to be quantified in a single mass spectrometry (MS) run.

The present invention relates to the field of myocardial injury. More specifically, the present invention provides methods and compositions useful in the diagnosis, prognosis and/or assessment of myocardial injury. In a specific embodiment, a method comprises the steps of (a) diagnosing a subject as having myocardial injury based on the statistically significant over expression of one or more markers described herein compared to a baseline value, wherein the markers are measured in a biological sample obtained from the subject; and (b) treating the subject with one or more of an anti-thrombolysis agent, coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty.

Bead-based assays for measuring protein biomarkers of proteolytic activity in biological systems are disclosed. In an embodiment, an assay involves incubating a sample containing multiple fragments of a naturally occurring protein with a bead array and subsequently analyzing individual reactive sites of the bead array by mass spectrometry.

Described herein are biosensor microarrays comprising detector polypeptide monolayers substantially free of contaminants. Also provided are methods for generation of such biosensor microarrays by capture of polypeptides by arrays comprising capture moieties and associated sensors.

Provided are methods for simultaneously detecting analytes. The methods include exposing a tip of a nanosensor to a biological sample, measuring ionic current flow through the nanosensor tip to detect a first analyte and a second analyte in the biological sample, and distinguishing the first analyte from the second analyte based on a first diffusion limited current peak resulting from binding of a first specific binding member to the first analyte being distinguishable from a second diffusion limited current peak resulting from binding of a second specific binding member to the second analyte. Sensing apparatuses that find use, e.g., in practicing the methods of the present disclosure, are also provided.

The present disclosure provides methods of selectively label an amino acid residue on a peptide by replacing a post translational modification with a labeling moiety and sequencing the peptide to obtain the location of the amino acid residue and the identity of the post translational modification. In some aspects, the disclosure also provides methods of identifying the position, quantity, the identity of a post translational modification, or any combination thereof, in peptides which may be used for therapeutic purposes.

Disclosed are a rigorous method and apparatuses for the comprehensive analysis of complex mixtures of organic molecules, specifically biopolymers, in some embodiments predominantly mixtures of proteins, which in some embodiments ultimately serve to obtain the information constituting a biomarker, or similar biological signature, or to monitor health or ageing.

In some embodiments such signatures or patterns may indicate the presence, stage, or type of a disease, the expected or actual response to drugs. In some other embodiments such a method and apparatuses may serve to monitor and/or control cell development. In some other embodiments such a method and apparatuses may serve to develop and use means to measure, influence, or control the speed or degree of aging of cells or organisms.

In some embodiments such a method and apparatuses may serve to determine at least in part the nature of biological hazards, bioterrorism threats, or biological weapons, including those based on bacteria and viruses. In some embodiments such a method and apparatuses may serve to select, develop, and or optimize countermeasures to biological hazards, bioterrorism threats, or biological weapons, including those based on bacteria and viruses.

In other embodiments such a method and apparatuses may be used to asses the expected performance level of a human or animal for a specific task or for a class or problems.