A method of isotope-labelling a microbiota sample. It involves providing a first microbiota sample that was obtained from a given source; exposing the first microbiota sample to an isotope enriched medium; and culturing the exposed first microbiota sample in the isotope enriched medium to obtain an isotope-labelled microbiota sample, wherein the isotope labelled metaproteome of the isotope-labelled microbiota sample is taxon specific for taxa present in the first microbiota sample when initially obtained from the given source.

Methods to determine the absence or presence of one or more cancer types in an animal are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, amounts of lipids in a sample (e.g., a bodily fluid or treatment thereof) from the animal are used with a predictive model to make the determination. The lipid amounts can be measured, in some instances, using a mass spectrometry system.

Compositions including metabolites that are small molecules, and salts and derivatives thereof, and methods for treatment or prophylaxis of conditions related to the quality of aging are provided, including compositions and methods for treating conditions that negatively impact longevity and the quality of aging, including asthma, autoimmune disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, anemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, liver disease, iron overload, impaired skin integrity, wound healing, scarring, pain, allergies, respiratory diseases, sleep disorders, sleep problems, gastrointestinal disorders, and gastrointestinal problems.

The present disclosure relates to methods and uses involving the determination of lipid concentrations in order to diagnose, predict, prevent and/or treat one or more cardiovascular events in a subject. The methods include analyzing lipid concentrations of a sample from the subject and comparing them to a control.

A system and method for monitoring the health of dialysis patients with Raman spectroscopy measurements of one or more target analytes is described. The methods include irradiating one or more fluids of interest with light to produce one or more spectrum and detecting the spectrum with a detector. The fluids of interest are preferably those related to dialysis, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In a preferred embodiment, the fluids are irradiated with monochromatic light, and one or more Raman spectra are detected as a result of the irradiation. The fluids may be irradiated within the dialysis tubing itself, or removed from the dialysis tubing and irradiated in a separate chamber. The Raman spectra of one or more target analytes of a dialysis patient may be followed over time or compared to one or more reference spectra, thereby providing information on the health of dialysis patients.

cfDNA reference material, for example, for use in verifying the accuracy and effectiveness of a diagnostic test, is generated from chromatin which may be sourced from whole cells. The chromatin may be treated with formaldehyde to form crosslinks between DNA and histones, for example, while the chromatin is contained within nuclear and/or plasma membranes. The fixed chromatin may be sheared by acoustic energy, which may also be used to lyse cell membranes within which the fixed chromatin may be contained. The sheared chromatin may be treated with an enzyme, such as micrococcal nuclease, to digest chromatin in linker regions of the DNA between nucleosomes and generate nucleosome material for use as cfDNA reference material.

The disclosure features methods of identifying protein-protein deregulation that include: generating a basal protein-protein interaction network for a plurality of biological samples, the network featuring a set of proteins expressed in the biological samples and concentrations of each member of the set of expressed proteins in each of the biological samples; identifying two associated expressed proteins in the network; for the two associated expressed proteins, comparing correlated relative concentration values of the two proteins in each of the biological samples to identify outliers among a distribution of the relative concentration values; and identifying members of the plurality of biological samples in which deregulation of the two associated expressed proteins occurs based on the outliers.

The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

A microphysiological system (MPS) includes at least one first inlet for receiving a fluid medium. The MPS includes a brain module comprising brain tissue. The MPS includes a blood-brain-barrier (BBB) module comprising BBB tissue, the BBB module configured to receive the fluid medium. The MPS includes a crosstalk channel between the brain module and the BBB module, the crosstalk channel configured to promote a bidirectional crosstalk between the brain tissue and the BBB tissue in response to receiving the fluid medium at the BBB module. The MPS is configured for treating the brain tissue and the BBB tissue with a drug or a combination of drugs to determine a phenotypic effect and a transcriptomic effect of the drug. A drug perturbation is related to the phenotypic effect and the transcriptomic effect based on kinetic optimization.

The present invention includes methods and kits for the diagnosing a neurological disease within primary care settings comprising: obtaining a blood test sample from a subject, measuring IL-7 and TNFα biomarkers in the blood sample, comparing the level of the one or a combination of biomarkers and neurocognitive screening tests with the level of a corresponding one or combination of biomarkers in a normal blood sample and neurocognitive screening tests, and predicting that an increase in the level of the blood test sample in relation to that of the normal blood sample indicates that the subject is likely to have a neurological disease.