The present disclosure relates to a hand-held voltmeter measuring a peak voltage of a high voltage pulse applied to an electric fence. The voltmeter includes a body case of which one side has an opening, a sensor case protruded from the opening of the body case, a voltage divider disposed over the inside and the outside of the sensor case for dividing the high voltage pulse into a low divided voltage, a peak detector for detecting the peak voltage of the divided voltage, a display unit for displaying the peak voltage, and an MCU for controlling the input and the output of the elements constituting the voltmeter. According to the present disclosure, an electric fence voltmeter that measures the peak voltage accurately without need to make a ground connection to the earth, and has a low risk of an electric shock during a measurement is provided.

An X-ray detection signal processing device (10) and the like according to the present invention includes: a comparator (17) configured to output a High signal when a level of a signal from a continuous reset type preamplifier (13) having an CR circuit (13a) does not exceed a predetermined upper limit value, and output a Low signal when the level of the signal from the preamplifier (13) exceeds the predetermined upper limit value; and a control section (18) configured to delay shift of the signal of the comparator (17) from Low to High by a predetermined time, to perform output to a clock oscillator (15), stop oscillation by outputting a Low signal to the clock oscillator (15), and thus stop high-speed AD conversion by a high-speed AD converter (14) and maintain an output value.

An X-ray detection signal processing device (10) and the like according to the present invention includes: a comparator (17) configured to output a High signal when a level of a signal from a continuous reset type preamplifier (13) having an CR circuit (13a) does not exceed a predetermined upper limit value, and output a Low signal when the level of the signal from the preamplifier (13) exceeds the predetermined upper limit value; and a control section (18) configured to delay shift of the signal of the comparator (17) from Low to High by a predetermined time, to perform output to a clock oscillator (15), stop oscillation by outputting a Low signal to the clock oscillator (15), and thus stop high-speed AD conversion by a high-speed AD converter (14) and maintain an output value.

The present disclosure provides an electric fence voltmeter having a peak detection type voltage divider. The peak detection type voltage divider has an extremely simple configuration composed of two capacitor voltage dividers and two rectifier diodes for detecting the positive and the negative peak voltages of a high voltage pulse with an additional pulse state voltage having information on the moments the high voltage pulse starts and peaks. Thus, the voltmeter has reduced number of parts with simplified circuits, and is able to measure the peak voltage accurately with a reliable and efficient manner using the pulse state voltage. Thereby the voltmeter has benefits of improved measurement accuracy, reduced production cost, and low battery consumption.

A device is disclosed that includes a control circuit, a scope circuit and a time-to-current converter. The control circuit configured to delay a voltage signal for a delay time to generate a first control signal, and to generate a second control signal according to the first control signal and the voltage signal. The scope circuit configured to generate a first current signal in response to the second control signal and the voltage signal. The time-to-current converter configured to generate a second current signal according to the first control signal and the voltage signal.

A device is disclosed that includes a control circuit, a scope circuit and a time-to-current converter. The control circuit configured to delay a voltage signal for a delay time to generate a first control signal, and to generate a second control signal according to the first control signal and the voltage signal. The scope circuit configured to generate a first current signal in response to the second control signal and the voltage signal. The time-to-current converter configured to generate a second current signal according to the first control signal and the voltage signal.

A method for designing a filter to image a feature on a surface, comprising: acquiring an image of said feature, with said image of feature comprising information from multiple points of said feature; generating a structural model of said feature by extracting predetermined properties of said feature from said image of feature; computing a scattering model for said feature from said structural model of said feature, with said scattering model for feature having information on scattered electromagnetic field from feature propagating in a plurality of scattering angles, wherein said scattered electromagnetic field from feature is generated by scattering of an electromagnetic radiation by said feature; acquiring an image of said surface, with said image of surface comprising information from multiple points of said surface; generating a structural model of said surface by extracting predetermined properties of said surface from said image of surface; computing a scattering model for said surface from said structural model of said surface, with said scattering model for surface having information on scattered electromagnetic field from surface propagating in a plurality of scattering angles, wherein said scattered electromagnetic field from surface is generated by scattering of an electromagnetic radiation by said surface; and computing said filter by combining said scattering model for feature and said scattering model for surface to achieve a predetermined filter performance metric, whereby said filter is designed to modulate scattered electromagnetic field from said feature and scattered electromagnetic field from said surface to image a feature on said surface. A system and method for recognizing a feature, comprising: acquiring an image of said feature using an imaging module, with said image of feature comprising information from multiple points of said feature; computing a feature spread function from scattering model of a previously known feature and transfer function of said imaging module, wherein said feature spread function represents a model of an image of said previously known feature; and comparing said image of feature with said feature spread function by computing a match metric between said image of feature and said feature spread function, whereby said match metric determines if said feature is similar to said previously known feature.

Systems and methods disclosed herein may be useful for use in landing identification. In this regard, a method is provided comprising receiving pulse information over a first time period, wherein the pulse information is indicative of an angular distance traveled by a first wheel, comparing the pulse information to a threshold value, and determining a likelihood of a landing event based upon the comparison. In various embodiments, a system is provided comprising a monstable multivibrator in electrical communication with a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a resistor-capacitor network in electrical communication with the MOSFET, and a comparator that receives a voltage from the resistor-capacitor network and a reference voltage.

An X-ray detection signal processing device (10) and the like according to the present invention includes: a comparator (17) configured to output a High signal when a level of a signal from a continuous reset type preamplifier (13) having an CR circuit (13a) does not exceed a predetermined upper limit value, and output a Low signal when the level of the signal from the preamplifier (13) exceeds the predetermined upper limit value; and a control section (18) configured to delay shift of the signal of the comparator (17) from Low to High by a predetermined time, to perform output to a clock oscillator (15), stop oscillation by outputting a Low signal to the clock oscillator (15), and thus stop high-speed AD conversion by a high-speed AD converter (14) and maintain an output value.

Exemplary embodiments are directed to a system having a resonant cavity at least partially filled with a dielectric material. The system also includes a laser source configured to emit a laser beam through a hole in the resonant cavity. An optical sensor captures at least a portion of laser beam that as passed through resonant cavity and generates a voltage based on the captured laser beam.