A current detection circuit can include: a detection power switch coupled to a power switch to be detected; a current control circuit configured to control voltages of power terminals of the detection power switch in order to generate a detection current flowing through the detection power switch when the power switch is on; and where a flowing direction of the detection current is consistent with a flowing direction of a current flowing through the power switch.

The invention relates to an apparatus and method for tracking energy consumption. An energy tracking system comprises at least one switching element, at least one inductor and a control block to keep the output voltage at a pre-selected level. The switching elements are configured to apply the source of energy to the inductors. The control block compares the output voltage of the energy tracking system to a reference value and controls the switching of the switched elements in order to transfer energy for the primary voltage into a secondary voltage at the output of the energy tracking system. The electronic device further comprises an ON-time and OFF-time generator and an accumulator wherein the control block is coupled to receive a signal from the ON-time and OFF-time generator and generates switching signals for the at least one switching element in the form of ON-time pulses with a constant width ON-time.

At least two redundant analog input units for a measurement current have analog inputs which are connected in parallel and upon which voltage measuring devices directly lie to convert respectively applied voltages into a digital measurement value, wherein in order to detect errors, in particular in order to detect wire breakage, each analog input unit compares its generated measurement value with a threshold and outputs an error message if a measurement value is detected that falls below the threshold, where if the analog input of the analog input unit is in the low-resistance state, then the at least one other analog input unit is additionally caused to assume a current-measuring function and switch the analog input of the analog input unit to a low-resistance state.

In manufacturing method of shunt resistor according to the present invention, at least one of first and second conductors that is thicker than a resistance alloy plate member includes a joining surface abutted to the resistance alloy plate member with their edges on one side in a plate-thickness direction being aligned with each other, a first inclined surface that is gradually located on one side in the plate-thickness direction from the joining surface toward the side opposite to the resistance alloy plate member in the plate-surface direction, and a first plate surface extending to the side opposite to the resistance alloy plate member in the plate-surface direction from the first inclined surface. Electron beams or laser is emitted to the joining surfaces of the conductor having the larger thickness and the resistance alloy plate member from one side in the plate-thickness direction to weld the joining surfaces.

In manufacturing method of shunt resistor according to the present invention, at least one of first and second conductors that is thicker than a resistance alloy plate member includes a joining surface abutted to the resistance alloy plate member with their edges on one side in a plate-thickness direction being aligned with each other, a first inclined surface that is gradually located on one side in the plate-thickness direction from the joining surface toward the side opposite to the resistance alloy plate member in the plate-surface direction, and a first plate surface extending to the side opposite to the resistance alloy plate member in the plate-surface direction from the first inclined surface. Electron beams or laser is emitted to the joining surfaces of the conductor having the larger thickness and the resistance alloy plate member from one side in the plate-thickness direction to weld the joining surfaces.

A test and measurement device including a source configured to output a source signal, a source output configured to output the source signal to a connected cable, a guard drive circuit electrically coupled to the source and configured to receive the source signal and generated a guard drive signal, the guard drive circuit having a gain less than one, and a guard drive circuit output configured to output the guard drive signal to a connected guard.

A test and measurement device including a source configured to output a source signal, a source output configured to output the source signal to a connected cable, a guard drive circuit electrically coupled to the source and configured to receive the source signal and generated a guard drive signal, the guard drive circuit having a gain less than one, and a guard drive circuit output configured to output the guard drive signal to a connected guard.

Wavelength spectrums of peaks detected on a chromatogram based on observation data to be processed are extracted to create a spectrum set {S.sub.n} in which the intensity values of the spectrums are normalized (S10, S11). One wavelength spectrum is selected from the set, and a vector of the wavelength spectrum at each point in time of measurement based on the observation data is projected so as to be perpendicular to the vector of the selected spectrum (S12 to S14). The vectors of the wavelength spectrums in the set {S.sub.n } are also similarly projected (S15). Consequently, the selected spectrum is erased from the set {S.sub.n}. The processes from S12 to S16 are repeated until the set {S.sub.n } does not include a spectrum, and the obtained signals are added (S17). The signal resulting from the addition is a signal indicating the waveform shape of an unknown baseline. A baseline spectrum is obtained by fitting the signal to a chromatogram at each wavelength obtained from the observation data, and a baseline signal at each wavelength is calculated from the baseline spectrum and the baseline chromatogram. As a result, a baseline can be automatically estimated without setting of a parameter and the like by a user.

A magnetic-inductive flowmeter and method in which a control circuit and/or evaluation circuit is designed/operated in such a manner that a measuring voltage tapped or tappable by measuring electrodes for flow measurement are evaluated only during a flow measuring time that is less than half the duration of the period of generation of the magnetic field and that the control circuit is designed/operated in such a manner that the measuring electrodes are impinged with conductivity measuring signals only during a conductivity measuring time that lies outside the flow measuring time.

A disclosed linearization circuit includes a reference component, a charging and discharging controller, and a comparator circuit. The reference component has a non-linear dependence on current or voltage. The charging and discharging controller is configured to control alternating charging and discharging of the reference component. A voltage associated with the reference component forms a reference signal. The charging and discharging are controlled such that the reference signal has a periodic time dependence. The reference signal and a measurement signal are received by the comparator circuit. The comparator circuit is configured to generate and output a square-wave signal based on a reference time point during a charge-discharge cycle, and based on a result of a comparison of the reference signal with the measurement signal, such that the square-wave signal represents a linearized output signal. This disclosure further relates to a corresponding method.