A pulse running time filling level sensor includes a sampling device for sampling an IF signal at discrete instants and for converting the sampling values into digital sampling values, and a digital signal processing device for subsequent processing of the digital sampling values by calculating at least one new value characterizing the IF curve from respectively exactly two digital sampling values.

The present invention provides a method for current for fault identification in a transmission line and an apparatus thereof. The method comprises the following steps: measuring the real-time values of the currents and the voltages of the other unbroken healthy phase conductors when a single-phase fault occurs; calculating the inductive voltage and the capacitive coupling voltage according to the measured currents and voltages respectively; comparing the capacitive coupling voltage with the inductive voltage multiplied by a factor, in which the multiplication result is used as a self-adjusted threshold based on the real time load condition of the transmission line; and identifying the fault type based on the maximum of the capacitive coupling voltage and the multiplication.

The present invention provides a method for current for fault identification in a transmission line and an apparatus thereof. The method comprises the following steps: measuring the real-time values of the currents and the voltages of the other unbroken healthy phase conductors when a single-phase fault occurs; calculating the inductive voltage and the capacitive coupling voltage according to the measured currents and voltages respectively; comparing the capacitive coupling voltage with the inductive voltage multiplied by a factor, in which the multiplication result is used as a self-adjusted threshold based on the real time load condition of the transmission line; and identifying the fault type based on the maximum of the capacitive coupling voltage and the multiplication.

A determination method of smoke emission in a battery includes: calculating first and second internal resistance values, of each of the parallel circuits in first and subsequent second periods, respectively; acquiring a temperature value of each of parallel circuits; and determining the smoke emission in at least one of cells included in one of the parallel circuits, when at least detecting that the one of the parallel circuits has the second internal resistance value smaller than the first internal resistance value, and has an increase in the temperature value within a period defined based on the first and second periods.

A fluid sensor (10) comprises a base member (20) defining a fluid flow path (21), a cavity filler member (26) located externally of the base member (20), and a cavity member (30) located externally of the base member (20) and the cavity filler member (26). The cavity member (30) is configured so as to provide confinement for an electromagnetic field. The base member (20) and the cavity filler member (26) are both configured so as to permit transmission of electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of the electromagnetic field therethrough. The electromagnetic field may be a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. The base member (20) and/or the cavity member (30) may define an outer cavity region externally of the base member (20). The cavity filler member (26) may completely or partially fill the outer cavity region. The fluid sensor (10) may be used in the measurement of the composition and/or flow characteristics of a fluid in the fluid flow path (21).

Hundreds of thousands of concrete bridges and hundreds of billions of tons of concrete require characterization with time for corrosion. Accordingly, protocols for rapid testing and improved field characterization systems that automatically triangulate electrical resistivity and half-cell corrosion potential measurements would be beneficial allowing discrete/periodic mapping of a structure to be performed as well as addressing testing for asphalt covered concrete. Further, it is the low frequency impedance of rebar in concrete that correlates to corrosion state but these are normally time consuming vulnerable to noise. Hence, it would be beneficial to provide a means of making low frequency electrical resistivity measurements rapidly. Further, prior art techniques for electrical rebar measurements require electrical connection be made to the rebar which increases measurement complexity/disruption/repair/cost even when no corrosion is identified. Beneficially a method of determining the state of a rebar without electrical contact is taught.

A tool for use in a borehole in a geological formation may include a chassis, a drill collar surrounding the chassis, a port plug coupled between the drill collar and the chassis, RF antennas carried by the drill collar, and a multi-chip module (MCM) electronics package(s). The electronics package(s) may include a hermetically sealed electronics housing positioned between the chassis and the drill collar, a substrate within the electronics housing, RF transmitter circuitry on the substrate to cooperate with at least one first RF antenna to transmit RF signals into the geological formation, and RF receiver circuitry on the substrate to cooperate with at least one second RF antenna to receive RF signals from the geological formation. Furthermore, an electronics housing mount may couple the electronics housing with the port plug, and the electronics housing mount may have a passageway extending therethrough for receiving the port plug.

An object is to provide a deterioration detection sensor of a printed wiring board in which the accuracy of detection is enhanced. A deterioration detection sensor of a printed wiring board is a circuit board which is vertically provided on a printed wiring board, and is soldered to the printed wiring board with a soldering portion at a lower end. The deterioration detection sensor includes a detection surface for detecting a foreign material. The detection surface forms an intersection surface which intersects the planar direction of the printed wiring board. In the deterioration detection sensor as described above, a wiring in the detection surface is broken, and thus the foreign material is detected.

Described are various current measurement techniques that can compensate for drift in shunt resistance. Determining a resistance of a shunt resistor, e.g., coupled to a battery terminal, can include introducing a known signal in sync with the chop phases of a dual system chop scheme, chopping the known signal out in the main signal path, and explicitly extracting the known signal in a parallel, additional signal deprocessing path.

A method and a system for measuring the thermal stability factor of a magnetic tunnel junction device, a semiconductor integrated circuit, and a production management method for the semiconductor integrated circuit, capable of measuring the thermal stability factors of individual devices in a relatively short period of time and quickly performing quality control during material development and at a production site. A meter measures change in resistance value of an evaluation MTJ for a predetermined period while causing a predetermined current to flow into the evaluation MTJ maintained at a predetermined temperature. An analyzer calculates a time constant in which a low-resistance state is maintained and a time constant in which a high-resistance state is maintained from the measured change in resistance value. A thermal stability factor of the evaluation MTJ is calculated on the basis of the calculated time constants and the predetermined current flowing into the evaluation MTJ.