In one embodiment, a layered/distributed grid-specific network services system comprises grid sensors in the utility grid configured to generate grid data values such as raw grid data values, processed grid data values, and/or any combination thereof, and to communicate the grid data values using a communication network. Distributed grid devices in the utility grid may be configured to receive the grid data values, and one or more of the grid devices may be configured to convert raw grid data values into processed grid data values. Application devices in the utility grid may be configured to access the grid data values from the distributed grid devices, and to further process the grid data values according to a particular grid application operating at the corresponding application device into application data values.

The radiated noise of a semiconductor device is conveniently evaluated, and the radiated noise of an apparatus equipped with the semiconductor device is estimated. An evaluation method including: making a semiconductor device that is connected parallel to a load by a load cable, perform a switching operation; measuring common-mode current flowing through the load cable during the switching operation; and outputting an evaluation benchmark for radiated noise based on the common-mode current, and an evaluation apparatus are provided.

The radiated noise of a semiconductor device is conveniently evaluated, and the radiated noise of an apparatus equipped with the semiconductor device is estimated. An evaluation method including: making a semiconductor device that is connected parallel to a load by a load cable, perform a switching operation; measuring common-mode current flowing through the load cable during the switching operation; and outputting an evaluation benchmark for radiated noise based on the common-mode current, and an evaluation apparatus are provided.

A method for minimizing center frequency shift and linearity errors encountered in YIG filters, comprising the following steps: automatically generating data packages in test unit depending on the user request or containing all filter characteristic states and transmitting them to the driver circuit, adjusting the desired voltage level by means of the digital to analog converters contained in the structure of the data packages received by the driver circuit, and transmitting the adjusted voltage level to the YIG filter, measuring filter characteristics (scattering parameters) corresponding to the data packages transmitted to the YIG filter in the analyser, in order to calculate the center frequency shift of the filter, determining the center frequency and linearity calculations, and recording the characteristic features measured by the analyser in the test unit.

A method for minimizing center frequency shift and linearity errors encountered in YIG filters, comprising the following steps: automatically generating data packages in test unit depending on the user request or containing all filter characteristic states and transmitting them to the driver circuit, adjusting the desired voltage level by means of the digital to analog converters contained in the structure of the data packages received by the driver circuit, and transmitting the adjusted voltage level to the YIG filter, measuring filter characteristics (scattering parameters) corresponding to the data packages transmitted to the YIG filter in the analyser, in order to calculate the center frequency shift of the filter, determining the center frequency and linearity calculations, and recording the characteristic features measured by the analyser in the test unit.

A reference electrode assembly including an extension device having a first end opposite a second end and a fluid reservoir disposed between the first end and the second end, a reference electrode engageable with the extension device at the first end of the extension device, an end cap having an external electrical connector positioned at the second end of the extension device, a selectively actuatable spout fluidly coupled to the fluid reservoir, and a conductive wire extending through the fluid reservoir to electrically couple the reference electrode with the external electrical connector.

A reference electrode assembly including an extension device having a first end opposite a second end and a fluid reservoir disposed between the first end and the second end, a reference electrode engageable with the extension device at the first end of the extension device, an end cap having an external electrical connector positioned at the second end of the extension device, a selectively actuatable spout fluidly coupled to the fluid reservoir, and a conductive wire extending through the fluid reservoir to electrically couple the reference electrode with the external electrical connector.

A waveform data acquisition module acquires the waveforms of electrical signals for multiple channels. A memory controller continuously writes a digital signal S3 to one from among a first memory unit and a second memory unit. When a given memory unit has become full, the memory controller notifies an external higher-level controller that the corresponding memory unit is full and switches the wiring target to the other memory unit.

A waveform data acquisition module acquires the waveforms of electrical signals for multiple channels. A memory controller continuously writes a digital signal S3 to one from among a first memory unit and a second memory unit. When a given memory unit has become full, the memory controller notifies an external higher-level controller that the corresponding memory unit is full and switches the wiring target to the other memory unit.

A data processing device includes an internal volume that is electromagnetic interference (EMI) isolated. The data processing device further includes an electromagnetic radiation (EMR) suppressing vent that defines one wall of the internal volume. The data processing device further includes a wireless system. The wireless system includes a first portion that is disposed in the internal volume. The first portion receives network data units from EMI emitting devices disposed in the internal volume and a second portion of the wireless system. The second portion is disposed outside of the internal volume and obtains the network data units from the first portion using a wireless connection that utilizes a transmission path that traverses through the EMR suppressing vent.