A variety of applications can include a gamma ray downhole logging system having a gamma ray detector, where temperature sensitivity of the gamma ray detector is accounted for in the operation of the logging system. Correction of sensitivity of the gamma ray detector can include using a measure of sensitivity drift derived from temperature binned gamma ray spectra from measurements by the gamma ray detector over a calibration period for a number of calibration periods. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

A variety of applications can include a gamma ray downhole logging system having a gamma ray detector, where temperature sensitivity of the gamma ray detector is accounted for in the operation of the logging system. Correction of sensitivity of the gamma ray detector can include using a measure of sensitivity drift derived from temperature binned gamma ray spectra from measurements by the gamma ray detector over a calibration period for a number of calibration periods. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

A photodiode fabricated using spalling techniques, and method for making the same. The photodiode including a substrate, an optical device semiconductor material layer disposed over the substrate, a p-type contact disposed over the optical device semiconductor material layer, an n-type contact disposed over the substrate, and an adhesion layer for rear illumination adhered to the bottom of the substrate. Both the substrate and the optical device semiconductor material layer comprise at least one of GaN, AlGaN or AlN.

A photodiode fabricated using spalling techniques, and method for making the same. The photodiode including a substrate, an optical device semiconductor material layer disposed over the substrate, a p-type contact disposed over the optical device semiconductor material layer, an n-type contact disposed over the substrate, and an adhesion layer for rear illumination adhered to the bottom of the substrate. Both the substrate and the optical device semiconductor material layer comprise at least one of GaN, AlGaN or AlN.

A method includes directing a probe beam to a target that includes an array of data portions in a data storage medium arranged so that a beam area of the probe beam extends across a plurality of adjacent data portions, the array including a data portion subset with each data portion of the subset responsive to the probe beam to produce a response illumination, receiving the response illumination at a detector, and determining data values corresponding to the plurality of adjacent data portions based on the received response illumination. Apparatus and systems are also disclosed.

A method includes directing a probe beam to a target that includes an array of data portions in a data storage medium arranged so that a beam area of the probe beam extends across a plurality of adjacent data portions, the array including a data portion subset with each data portion of the subset responsive to the probe beam to produce a response illumination, receiving the response illumination at a detector, and determining data values corresponding to the plurality of adjacent data portions based on the received response illumination. Apparatus and systems are also disclosed.

Systems, devices and methods for inspecting and imaging of contents of a volume is disclosed. One implementation of the disclosed systems, devices and methods includes an apparatus for inspecting and imaging of contents of a volume of interest which includes a first particle tracking unit of detectors to receive incoming charged particles that transit through an object and to measure position and direction of the charged particles that transit through the object while allowing the charged particles to pass through, and a second particle tracking unit of detectors installed relative to the first particle tracking unit of detectors and to the volume of interest containing the object of inspection so that it is positioned to receive the outgoing charged particles that transit through the first particle tracking unit and transit through the object of inspection and to measure a position and a direction of the outgoing charged particles. The apparatus also includes a processor that processes information from the first and second particle tracking units of detectors to yield an estimate of a spatial map of atomic number and a density of the object. The methods disclosed here include triggering algorithms for signal selection, positional calibration algorithms for locating particle tracking units in absolute three dimensional coordinate space, and three-dimensional tomographic image reconstruction algorithms combining the tracking information from multiple pairs of particle tracking units.

A mounted x-ray window can be strong and transmissive to x-rays, can have a hermetic seal, and can withstand high temperatures. The mounted x-ray window can include a film located on an inner-side of a flange of a housing and can be attached to the flange by a ring of elastic adhesive. The film can comprise silicon nitride. A method of mounting an x-ray window can include placing a ring of elastic adhesive on an inner-side of a flange of a housing, placing a film on the ring of elastic adhesive, and baking the housing, the ring of elastic adhesive, and the film.

A mounted x-ray window can be strong and transmissive to x-rays, can have a hermetic seal, and can withstand high temperatures. The mounted x-ray window can include a film located on an inner-side of a flange of a housing and can be attached to the flange by a ring of elastic adhesive. The film can comprise silicon nitride. A method of mounting an x-ray window can include placing a ring of elastic adhesive on an inner-side of a flange of a housing, placing a film on the ring of elastic adhesive, and baking the housing, the ring of elastic adhesive, and the film.

An X-ray detector includes a detection unit to convert X-rays into a signal value and an evaluation unit. The detection unit and the evaluation unit are configured in a common component, the extent of the component along a first direction being not greater than the extent of the detection unit. The evaluation unit includes at least one correction unit to correct the signal values, a computation unit to control the correction, and a memory unit to store at least one correction parameter. The evaluation unit is designed such that the signal values are corrected as a function of the at least one correction parameter. A method and detector group are also disclosed.