A plastic scintillating fiber capable of reducing modal dispersion and improving the accuracy of identifying a position which radiation passes through. A plastic scintillating fiber includes a core and a cladding that covers an outer periphery of the core and has a lower refractive index than the core. The core uniformly contains a radiation-emitting fluorescent agent and has a refractive index distribution where the refractive index of the core is highest at a center of a cross-section and becomes lower in a parabolic manner with distance from the center toward an outer periphery.

A plastic scintillating fiber capable of reducing modal dispersion and improving the accuracy of identifying a position which radiation passes through. A plastic scintillating fiber includes a core and a cladding that covers an outer periphery of the core and has a lower refractive index than the core. The core uniformly contains a radiation-emitting fluorescent agent and has a refractive index distribution where the refractive index of the core is highest at a center of a cross-section and becomes lower in a parabolic manner with distance from the center toward an outer periphery.

The present invention relates generally to X-ray detectors and more particularly to a system and a method for integrating an anti-scattering grid with scintillators to significantly enhance the performance of flat panel X-ray detector. In particular, the performance of a flat panel X-ray detector may be enhanced by photon counting detector pixels configured underneath the septa of a 2D antiscatter grid.

Methods and devices for detecting incident radiation, such as incident X-rays or gamma-rays, are provided. The methods and devices use single-crystalline mercury chalcoiodide compounds having the formula Hg.sub.3Q.sub.2I.sub.2, where Q represents a chalcogen atom or a combination of chalcogen atoms, as photoelectric materials. Also provided are methods for growing single-crystals of the mercury chalcoiodide compounds using external organic chemical transport agents.

The invention detects massive particles, which are invisible to contemporary particle detectors employing electro-magnetic sensors. The apparatus contains a mechanical sensor detecting massive particles via their influence on mechanical motion of sensor constituent atoms causing changes in sensor characteristics. The apparatus may include said sensor made of crystal or condensed-matter attached as a bob at the end of a pendulum that starts swinging when massive particles hit it. The star-source emitting massive particles is located by finding a space direction from which the particles arrive and produce the changes in said sensor position and physical characteristics. Energy is harvested by using changes in sensor energetic characteristics including mechanical motion, electromagnetic potential, thermal or other reactions. The invented sensor has directly detected massive particles from the Sun, central region of our Galaxy, and the star Deneb. The average mass-energy of solar massive particles is 3.1.sub.−1.sup.+1.2×10.sup.15 eV and mass-energy density near Earth ˜0.78 GeV/cm.sup.3.

A method includes receiving a plurality of data sets, wherein the plurality of data sets includes a measured low-energy electrons that is less than or equal to 1.5 MeV, and wherein the plurality of data sets further includes data associated with solar wind. The method further includes receiving measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV In response to a selection of at least two data sets from the plurality of data sets, and further in response to a selection of one or more machine learning (ML) algorithms from a plurality of ML algorithms, and further in response to a selection of a number of window size, a plurality of ML models is generated based on the selections as an input and the measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV as its output.

The present invention relates generally to X-ray detectors and more particularly to a system and a method for integrating an anti-scattering grid with scintillators to significantly enhance the performance of flat panel X-ray detector. In particular, the performance of a flat panel X-ray detector may be enhanced by photon counting detector pixels configured underneath the septa of a 2D antiscatter grid.

A gel forming composition for radiation dosimetry, and a high sensitivity and high safety radiation dosimeter using a gel formed from the composition. A gel forming composition for radiation dosimetry comprising a gelator and a compound of Formula (1): ##STR00001##
(wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-12 alkyl group, etc.; and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-12 alkyl group, an optionally substituted monovalent C.sub.6-12 aromatic group, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 form a 4- to 8-membered ring together with a carbon atom to which R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are bonded, and the 4-to 8-membered ring may have 0 to 3 nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, or sulfur atoms as a ring atom, provided that R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are not simultaneously a hydrogen atom).

Methods and devices for detecting incident radiation, such as incident X-rays or gamma-rays, are provided. The methods and devices use single-crystalline mercury chalcoiodide compounds having the formula Hg.sub.3Q.sub.2I.sub.2, where Q represents a chalcogen atom or a combination of chalcogen atoms, as photoelectric materials. Also provided are methods for growing single-crystals of the mercury chalcoiodide compounds using external organic chemical transport agents.

A head for housing an instrument comprises a first part and a second part which is movable relative to the first part. The first part is configured to be rigidly connected to a support mast. The second part comprises an opening which leads outside of the head and into a housing for the instrument. The housing is located inside the head.