Apparatuses (devices, systems) and methods for shielding (protecting) surroundings around periphery of regions of interest located inside objects (e.g., patients) from radiation emitted by X-ray systems towards the objects. Apparatus includes: at least one radiation shield assembly including a support base connectable to an X-ray system radiation source or detector, and a plurality of radiation shield segments sequentially positioned relative to the support base, thereby forming a contiguous radiopaque screen configured for spanning around the region of interest periphery with a radiopaque screen edge opposing the object. Radiation shield segments are individually, actively controllable to extend or contract to selected lengths with respective free ends in directions away from or towards the support base(s), for locally changing contour of the radiopaque screen edge. Applicable for shielding (protecting) medical personnel, and patients, from exposure to X-ray radiation during medical interventions or/and diagnostics.

The invention provides systems and methods for tissue-mounted electronics and photonics. Devices of some embodiments of the invention implement high performance, and optionally flexible, device components having miniaturized formats in device architectures that minimize adverse physical effects to tissue and/or reduce interfacial stresses when mounted on tissue surfaces. In some embodiments, the invention provides complementary tissue mounting strategies providing for mechanically robust and/or long term integration of the present devices, for example, via mounting on tissue surfaces that are not subject to rapid growth or exfoliation processes such as the fingernail, toenail, tooth or earlobe. Devices of the invention are versatile and support a broad range of applications for sensing, actuating and communication including applications for near field communication, for example, for password authentication, electronic transactions and biometric sensing.

The invention provides systems and methods for tissue-mounted electronics and photonics. Devices of some embodiments of the invention implement high performance, and optionally flexible, device components having miniaturized formats in device architectures that minimize adverse physical effects to tissue and/or reduce interfacial stresses when mounted on tissue surfaces. In some embodiments, the invention provides complementary tissue mounting strategies providing for mechanically robust and/or long term integration of the present devices, for example, via mounting on tissue surfaces that are not subject to rapid growth or exfoliation processes such as the fingernail, toenail, tooth or earlobe. Devices of the invention are versatile and support a broad range of applications for sensing, actuating and communication including applications for near field communication, for example, for password authentication, electronic transactions and biometric sensing.

A method for determining a radionuclide concentration of a material is provided. The method comprises placing a detector in a protective structure, wherein the detector is coupled to a single-channel analyzer. The method further comprises inserting the protective structure in a material, wherein the material comprises a radionuclide. The method additionally comprises measuring the moisture content of the material to be analyzed. The method also comprises counting the emitted radiation having a known energy over an interval of time to produce a count per time, wherein the emitted radiation is emitted from the radionuclide and then dividing the count per time by the weight of the material to produce a count per time per weight.

A method for determining a radionuclide concentration of a material is provided. The method comprises placing a detector in a protective structure, wherein the detector is coupled to a single-channel analyzer. The method further comprises inserting the protective structure in a material, wherein the material comprises a radionuclide. The method additionally comprises measuring the moisture content of the material to be analyzed. The method also comprises counting the emitted radiation having a known energy over an interval of time to produce a count per time, wherein the emitted radiation is emitted from the radionuclide and then dividing the count per time by the weight of the material to produce a count per time per weight.

A detector is for electromagnetic radiation. In an embodiment, the detector includes a first, pixelated electrode layer, a second electrode, and a first layer including at least one first perovskite, located between the first, pixelated electrode layer and the second electrode. An embodiment further relates to a method for manufacturing a corresponding detector.

Disclosed herein is a detector, comprising: a pixel comprising a first subpixel and a second subpixel, wherein the first subpixel is configured to generate a first electrical signal upon exposure to radiation, and wherein the second subpixel is configured to generate a second electrical signal upon exposure to the radiation; wherein the detector is configured to determine a number of particles of the radiation incident on the first subpixel over a first period of time, based on the first electrical signal; wherein the detector is configured to determine an intensity of the radiation by integrating the second electrical signal over a second period of time.

Described are system and method embodiments for measuring a thickness of a material layer using electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, a system includes a radiation source configured to direct first radiation towards a first surface of a layer of material having a thickness between the first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The first radiation causes the material layer to emit secondary radiation. A filter is positioned between the material layer and a radiation detector and in the beam path of the second radiation in order to attenuate a portion of the second radiation associated with fluorescence of the material to emit third radiation. Then, the radiation detector is configured to detect the third radiation and a controller is configured to provide a measurement corresponding to the thickness of the material layer based on the detected third radiation.

A variety of applications can include a gamma ray logging system having a gamma ray detector, where temperature sensitivity of the gamma ray detector is accounted for in the operation of the logging system. Correction of sensitivity of the gamma ray detector can include using a measure of sensitivity drift derived from temperature binned gamma ray spectra from measurements by the gamma ray detector over a calibration period for a number of calibration periods. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

A variety of applications can include a gamma ray logging system having a gamma ray detector, where temperature sensitivity of the gamma ray detector is accounted for in the operation of the logging system. Correction of sensitivity of the gamma ray detector can include using a measure of sensitivity drift derived from temperature binned gamma ray spectra from measurements by the gamma ray detector over a calibration period for a number of calibration periods. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.