A muon tracker includes a drift tube detector having a plurality of drift tube arrays, a detection time-difference calculation circuit configured to calculate a detected time-difference between a plurality of time data detected at least two of the drift tubes, a time-difference information database that stores a relationship between a plurality of predetermined tracks of the muon passing the drift tube detector and a predetermined time-difference of possible detected time data to be detected at least two of the drift tubes where each of the plurality of predetermined tracks passes, a time-difference referring circuit configured to refer the detected time-difference calculated at the detection time-difference calculation circuit with the predetermined time-difference stored in the time-difference information database, and a muon track determining circuit configured to determine a muon track as the predetermined track of the muon corresponding to the predetermined time-difference that matches the best with the detected time-difference.

A muon tracker includes a drift tube detector having a plurality of drift tube arrays, a detection time-difference calculation circuit configured to calculate a detected time-difference between a plurality of time data detected at least two of the drift tubes, a time-difference information database that stores a relationship between a plurality of predetermined tracks of the muon passing the drift tube detector and a predetermined time-difference of possible detected time data to be detected at least two of the drift tubes where each of the plurality of predetermined tracks passes, a time-difference referring circuit configured to refer the detected time-difference calculated at the detection time-difference calculation circuit with the predetermined time-difference stored in the time-difference information database, and a muon track determining circuit configured to determine a muon track as the predetermined track of the muon corresponding to the predetermined time-difference that matches the best with the detected time-difference.

A method includes receiving a plurality of data sets, wherein the plurality of data sets includes a measured low-energy electrons that is less than or equal to 1.5 MeV, and wherein the plurality of data sets further includes data associated with solar wind. The method further includes receiving measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV In response to a selection of at least two data sets from the plurality of data sets, and further in response to a selection of one or more machine learning (ML) algorithms from a plurality of ML algorithms, and further in response to a selection of a number of window size, a plurality of ML models is generated based on the selections as an input and the measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV as its output.

A method includes receiving a plurality of data sets, wherein the plurality of data sets includes a measured low-energy electrons that is less than or equal to 1.5 MeV, and wherein the plurality of data sets further includes data associated with solar wind. The method further includes receiving measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV In response to a selection of at least two data sets from the plurality of data sets, and further in response to a selection of one or more machine learning (ML) algorithms from a plurality of ML algorithms, and further in response to a selection of a number of window size, a plurality of ML models is generated based on the selections as an input and the measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV as its output.

A source emits a pulse to an object to generate a particle, and an imaging detector produces a light flash at an X/Y hit position of the particle. The detector outputs a waveform arising from the particle. An event-driven camera provides a signal from the detector that includes intensity and time-over-threshold signals related to the light flash, time-of-arrival information of the event, and the X and Y hit position of the particle. A photodiode determines a time origin of the pulse from the source. A timing circuit is coupled to the detector and to the photodiode, and determines time-of-flight (TOF) of the particle based on the waveform, and based on the time origin of the pulse. The 3D coordinates are generated based on the X/Y hit position synchronized with the TOF of the particle.

A medical imaging system includes a first tracking detector and a second tracking detector. The tracking detectors are spaced to allow for an object to be present between the first tracking detector and the second tracking detector. The system also includes a residual range detector adjacent the first tracking detector. The residual range detector includes: (1) a scintillator material having a first surface at least partially covered with an anti-reflection material and a second surface facing the first tracking detector and (2) at least one photon detector coupled to the scintillator material at a third surface of the scintillator material different than the first surface and opposite the second surface.

A medical imaging system includes a first tracking detector and a second tracking detector. The tracking detectors are spaced to allow for an object to be present between the first tracking detector and the second tracking detector. The system also includes a residual range detector adjacent the first tracking detector. The residual range detector includes: (1) a scintillator material having a first surface at least partially covered with an anti-reflection material and a second surface facing the first tracking detector and (2) at least one photon detector coupled to the scintillator material at a third surface of the scintillator material different than the first surface and opposite the second surface.

A medical imaging system includes a first tracking detector and a second tracking detector. The tracking detectors are spaced to allow for an object to be present between the first tracking detector and the second tracking detector. The system also includes a residual range detector adjacent the first tracking detector. The residual range detector includes: (1) a scintillator material having a first surface at least partially covered with an anti-reflection material and a second surface facing the first tracking detector and (2) at least one photon detector coupled to the scintillator material at a third surface of the scintillator material different than the first surface and opposite the second surface.

A medical imaging system includes a first tracking detector and a second tracking detector. The tracking detectors are spaced to allow for an object to be present between the first tracking detector and the second tracking detector. The system also includes a residual range detector adjacent the first tracking detector. The residual range detector includes: (1) a scintillator material having a first surface at least partially covered with an anti-reflection material and a second surface facing the first tracking detector and (2) at least one photon detector coupled to the scintillator material at a third surface of the scintillator material different than the first surface and opposite the second surface.

A digital neutron and photon track dosimeter based on three-dimensional Not-And (3D NAND) flash memory may be provided. A plurality of logical addresses respectively associated with a plurality of cells in a 3D NAND flash memory that have been flipped from a first charge state to a second charge state may be determined. Next, the plurality of logical addresses may be converted to a plurality of physical addresses associated with the plurality of cells in the 3D NAND flash memory that have been flipped from the first charge state to the second charge state by radiation. Then a radiation dose proportional to number and plurality of tracks within the plurality of cells associated with the plurality of physical address may be determined.