A particle simulation device comprises: a position information acquisition unit that acquires position information for the particles; a pair setting unit that selects pairs of particles and sets a pair number, on the basis of the position information; a reference information generation unit that generates a matrix from the pair numbers and the particle numbers, and generates reference information for referencing the pair numbers from the particle numbers on the basis of a matrix in which the order of the rows of the matrix are sorted on the basis of the particle numbers; a sum calculation unit that calculates a sum of interaction forces for each particle on the basis of the reference information; and a particle information calculation unit that calculates the position and velocity of the particles on the basis of the sum of interaction forces.

Systems and methods for measuring trajectories of charged particles and for charged particle radiography and charged particle tomography are presented, comprising one or more directional particle detectors (DPDs). A DPD produces a directional measurement of a charged particle by determining the transit distance of the charged particle through a detector medium which is elongated is a single spatial dimension, or by determining the amount of energy deposited by the charged particle in a detector medium which is elongated is a single spatial dimension. Also presented are charged particle transmission imaging systems, charged particle scattering imaging systems, composite DPDs of various geometries, embodiments allowing for the monitoring of a plurality of detector medium columns by as few as one optical sensor, various shapes and compositions of detector medium columns, DPDs elongated in two spatial dimensions, fields of application, and discussions about the fundamental advantages of DPD over coincidence-based charged particle velocimetry.

A detector system for molecular imaging of a radionuclide comprises a 3D semiconductor detector comprising a plurality of sensor stacks of sensors made of a semiconductor material having an average atomic number Z below 40. A read-out circuitry connected to the pixels is configured to output, for each interaction induced by an incident gamma ray in the detector, a signal representative of a time, a position and an energy of the interaction in the detector. The interactions in the detector belonging to a same event induced by the incident gamma ray are predicted based on the output signals and used to estimate a direction of the incident gamma ray and reconstruct an image based on the estimated directions of incident gamma rays.

Disclosed is a detector unit for tracking high energy particles, which has a first panel having a first surface, a second surface and a first support member. The detector unit also has a second panel having a first surface, a second surface and a second support member. The detector unit further includes a plurality of first fibres and a plurality of second fibres. The first panel is stacked upon the second panel such that second surface of first panel and second surface of second panel are facing each other. The plurality of first fibres and the plurality of second fibres have two or more layers of first fibres and second fibres, respectively, arranged in an interlocking manner in a first set and a second set of parallel grooves of the first panel and the second panel, respectively.

A digital neutron and photon track dosimeter based on three-dimensional Not-And (3D NAND) flash memory may be provided. A plurality of logical addresses respectively associated with a plurality of cells in a 3D NAND flash memory that have been flipped from a first charge state to a second charge state may be determined. Next, the plurality of logical addresses may be converted to a plurality of physical addresses associated with the plurality of cells in the 3D NAND flash memory that have been flipped from the first charge state to the second charge state by radiation. Then a radiation dose proportional to number and plurality of tracks within the plurality of cells associated with the plurality of physical address may be determined.

A digital neutron and photon track dosimeter based on three-dimensional Not-And (3D NAND) flash memory may be provided. A plurality of logical addresses respectively associated with a plurality of cells in a 3D NAND flash memory that have been flipped from a first charge state to a second charge state may be determined. Next, the plurality of logical addresses may be converted to a plurality of physical addresses associated with the plurality of cells in the 3D NAND flash memory that have been flipped from the first charge state to the second charge state by radiation. Then a radiation dose proportional to number and plurality of tracks within the plurality of cells associated with the plurality of physical address may be determined.

A method for monitoring precipitation of magnetospheric particles includes detecting charged magnetospheric particles by a particles detector, processing the detection data to associate a respective estimate or measurement of kinetic energy with the detected magnetospheric particles, obtaining a first count value N.sub.H associated with a relatively higher estimate or measurement of kinetic energy, obtaining a second count value N.sub.L associated with a relatively lower estimate or measurement of kinetic energy, detecting a relative variation of the second count value N.sub.L with respect to the first count value N.sub.H, determining that an impulsive event of precipitation of charged magnetospheric particles (MPP event) in the magnetosphere occurred, assigning to the MPP event geomagnetic longitude and time, defining one or more groups of MPP events occurred in a time range at a same geomagnetic longitude, and identifying a group of MPP events indicative of an activity of terrestrial origin.

A method includes receiving a plurality of data sets, wherein the plurality of data sets includes a measured low-energy electrons that is less than or equal to 1.5 MeV, and wherein the plurality of data sets further includes data associated with solar wind. The method further includes receiving measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV. In response to a selection of at least two data sets from the plurality of data sets, and further in response to a selection of one or more machine learning (ML) algorithms from a plurality of ML algorithms, and further in response to a selection of a number of window size, a plurality of ML models is generated based on the selections as an input and the measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV as its output.

A method includes receiving a plurality of data sets, wherein the plurality of data sets includes a measured low-energy electrons that is less than or equal to 1.5 MeV, and wherein the plurality of data sets further includes data associated with solar wind. The method further includes receiving measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV. In response to a selection of at least two data sets from the plurality of data sets, and further in response to a selection of one or more machine learning (ML) algorithms from a plurality of ML algorithms, and further in response to a selection of a number of window size, a plurality of ML models is generated based on the selections as an input and the measured data associated with higher electron events of greater than or equal to 2 MeV as its output.