A seismic monitoring system includes a plurality of seismic monitors and a processing device operatively coupled to the plurality of seismic monitors. The processing device receives recordings of waveforms of motion detected at the plurality of seismic detectors in a geographic area. The processing device applies the respective recordings to corresponding positions of the seismic detectors in a three-dimensional geological model that describes its elastic attributes and tests a plurality of moment tensors at a plurality of locations. Based on the testing, the processing device determines a globally convergent source location and moment tensor in the three-dimensional model based on the testing.

A system for measuring a number of layers in a layered environment includes an ultrasound transducer positioned at an exterior surface of a first layer at a first location. At least one receiving sensor is positioned perpendicular to the exterior surface of the first layer at a second location. The ultrasound transducer and the at least one receiving sensor are in communication with a computer processor, power source, and computer-readable memory. The ultrasound transducer is configured to emit a first ultrasound signal into the first layer at the first location. The at least one receiving sensor is configured to receive a plurality of propagated ultrasound signals. The processor is configured to determine a total number of layers in the layered environment based on at least one from the set of: a number of signals received and a number of propagation direction changes only of the first ultrasound signal.

In an array-type underwater apparatus for monitoring deformation of a reservoir landslide, an anchor is buried at an underwater monitoring point in a landslide mass, and a floating shell is configured to float on a water surface. A GPS sensor is configured to transmit and receive a GPS signal to obtain a real-time position of the floating shell, a water temperature sensor is used to obtain a water temperature-time relationship, and a gravity wave gauge is used to obtain a wave height-time relationship. An upper end of a pull cord is securely connected to the floating shell via a displacement compensation mechanism, and a lower end of the pull cord is securely connected to the anchor. The displacement compensation mechanism compensates for a displacement after the floating shell floats with a wave. An encoder-type displacement meter measures a real-time distance between the encoder-type displacement meter and the anchor.

The present disclosure is directed to a MEMS-based rotation sensor for use in seismic data acquisition and sensor units having same. The MEMS-based rotation sensor includes a substrate, an anchor disposed on the substrate and a proof mass coupled to the anchor via a plurality of flexural springs. The proof mass has a first electrode coupled to and extending therefrom. A second electrode is fixed to the substrate, and one of the first and second electrodes is configured to receive an actuation signal, and another of the first and second electrodes is configured to generate an electrical signal having an amplitude corresponding with a degree of angular movement of the first electrode relative to the second electrode. The MEMS-based rotation sensor further includes closed loop circuitry configured to receive the electrical signal and provide the actuation signal. Related methods for using the MEMS-based rotation sensor in seismic data acquisition are also described.

Superterranean acoustic networks, methods of forming superterranean acoustic networks, and methods of operating superterranean acoustic networks are disclosed herein. The superterranean acoustic networks include superterranean hydrocarbon infrastructure that extends above a ground surface, defines a waveguide, and contains a fluid. The infrastructure also includes a plurality of acoustic communication nodes spaced-apart along the superterranean hydrocarbon infrastructure. Each acoustic communication node of the plurality of acoustic communication nodes includes an acoustic transmitter and an acoustic receiver. The acoustic transmitter is configured to generate a generated acoustic signal and to supply the generated acoustic signal to the waveguide. Responsive to receipt of the generated acoustic signal, the waveguide is configured to propagate a propagated acoustic signal there through. The acoustic receiver is configured to receive another propagated acoustic signal, which is generated by another acoustic communication node of the plurality of acoustic communication nodes, from the waveguide as a received acoustic signal.

A low-cost Internet-of-Things (IoT) earthquake early warning (EEW) device can be deployed at homes, business facilities, and field locations to provide on-site warning and alert regional subscribers. The IoT device is integrated with a sensor, such as a geophone, for ground motion sensing, a single board computer, an analog-to-digital converter, an alert, wireless connectivity, and custom-designed packaging. A custom software application can control the device, detect earthquakes, and issue alerts. The device can run automatically and can be managed remotely. A collection of devices can form a network to provide even more lead time in EEW. For example, if one device detects an earthquake in northern Los Angeles metro area and alerts another device/user/subscriber of the warning service in southern Los Angeles, then the latter gets extra warning time because it could take about 5 to 10 seconds for seismic waves to travel from northern to southern Los Angeles.

Methods of designing seismic survey and acquisition of seismic data with reduced noise using equally or optimally irregularly spaced sources or receivers are described. Specifically, prime number ratios for the station to line spacing is used to prevent harmonic leakage and other noise contaminations in the acquired seismic data.

An apparatus includes a signal acquisition part acquires oscillation signals from sensors provided under lanes of a bridge and close to an expansion joint, a signal separation part applies BSS to the oscillation signals to estimate source oscillation signals respectively separated in the plurality of lanes, and adjusts amplitude of the source oscillation signals to output amplitude adjusted oscillation signals, and a vehicle estimation part estimates, from the amplitude adjusted oscillation signal, a response oscillation due to a vehicle passing on the lane of interest to detect and count vehicles passing on the lane.

A method and system for analyzing a seismically active field based on expansion of an empirical orthogonal function is provided. The research region of the seismic active field is gridded at equal intervals for the preset research region of a seismic active field; a seismic active field function matrix correlated with the research region of the seismic active field spatially and temporally is constructed according to the gridding of the research region of the seismic active field; and the seismic active field function matrix is expanded with an empirical orthogonal function to obtain a main typical field and a temporal factor thereof, and an anomaly on the temporal factor of the seismic active field is analyzed with a method index, a parameter index and an anomaly index.

A method and apparatus for marine surveying. A system includes: a standard-volume source element; a large-volume source element comprising an airgun having a volume greater than 1200 cubic inches; and a long-offset survey streamer. A method includes: towing a standard-volume source element; and towing a large-volume source element; activating the large-volume source element at large shotpoint intervals; and activating the standard-volume source element at standard shotpoint intervals, wherein the large shotpoint intervals are at least twice as long as the standard shotpoint intervals. A method includes: obtaining geophysical data for a subterranean formation; and processing the geophysical data to produce an image of the subterranean formation. A method includes: obtaining a firing plan for a plurality of seismic sources, wherein: a first seismic source of the plurality comprises a large-volume source element, and a second seismic source of the plurality consists of standard-volume source elements.