Methods and systems for estimating a surface runoff based on a pixel scale are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method includes the following steps: (1) calculating a vegetation canopy interception water storage, a litterfall interception water storage, and a soil water storage according to an obtained original remote sensing dataset of a climate element in a study area; (2) calculating a vegetation-soil interception water conservation in the study area based on an established vegetation-soil interception water conservation estimation model according to the vegetation canopy interception water storage, the litterfall interception water storage, the soil water storage, and monthly precipitation; and (3) calculating a surface runoff in the study area based on an established water balance water conservation estimation model according to the monthly precipitation, monthly snowmelt, monthly actual evapotranspiration, and the vegetation-soil interception water conservation in the study area.

Methods and systems for estimating a surface runoff based on a pixel scale are disclosed. In some embodiments, the method includes the following steps: (1) calculating a vegetation canopy interception water storage, a litterfall interception water storage, and a soil water storage according to an obtained original remote sensing dataset of a climate element in a study area; (2) calculating a vegetation-soil interception water conservation in the study area based on an established vegetation-soil interception water conservation estimation model according to the vegetation canopy interception water storage, the litterfall interception water storage, the soil water storage, and monthly precipitation; and (3) calculating a surface runoff in the study area based on an established water balance water conservation estimation model according to the monthly precipitation, monthly snowmelt, monthly actual evapotranspiration, and the vegetation-soil interception water conservation in the study area.

A system for displaying contextually-sensitive braking information on a surface of a vehicle is presented. The system may include a transceiver, one or more memories, an electronic display disposed on the surface, and one or more processors. The one or more processors may be configured to detect a braking event of the vehicle, wherein the braking event has an associated braking force. The one or more processors may compare the braking force to a predetermined threshold braking force to determine whether the braking force exceeds the threshold braking force. The one or more processors may further cause the electronic display to display a braking indication having an intensity that is proportional to the braking force, wherein the braking indication may include a braking rationale corresponding to the braking event in response to determining that the braking force exceeds the threshold braking force.

A system for displaying contextually-sensitive braking information on a surface of a vehicle is presented. The system may include a transceiver, one or more memories, an electronic display disposed on the surface, and one or more processors. The one or more processors may be configured to detect a braking event of the vehicle, wherein the braking event has an associated braking force. The one or more processors may compare the braking force to a predetermined threshold braking force to determine whether the braking force exceeds the threshold braking force. The one or more processors may further cause the electronic display to display a braking indication having an intensity that is proportional to the braking force, wherein the braking indication may include a braking rationale corresponding to the braking event in response to determining that the braking force exceeds the threshold braking force.

Apparatuses, systems and methods are provided for generating enterprise data relating to roof damage associated with weather and hail data. The apparatuses, systems and methods may determine aspects of a proposed service related to roof damage (e.g., damage extent, repair estimates, or repair timing) based upon the enterprise data and the base-line probable roof loss confidence scores. The apparatuses, systems and methods may generate probable roof loss confidence score data based upon the base-line probable roof loss confidence scores, weather event data and hail event data. The apparatuses, systems and methods may determine aspects of a proposed service related to roof damage (e.g., damage extent, repair estimates, or repair timing) based upon the enterprise data and the probable roof loss confidence score.

Apparatuses, systems and methods are provided for generating enterprise data relating to roof damage associated with weather and hail data. The apparatuses, systems and methods may determine aspects of a proposed service related to roof damage (e.g., damage extent, repair estimates, or repair timing) based upon the enterprise data and the base-line probable roof loss confidence scores. The apparatuses, systems and methods may generate probable roof loss confidence score data based upon the base-line probable roof loss confidence scores, weather event data and hail event data. The apparatuses, systems and methods may determine aspects of a proposed service related to roof damage (e.g., damage extent, repair estimates, or repair timing) based upon the enterprise data and the probable roof loss confidence score.

A method of determining a road surface condition includes: acquiring, when determining a condition of a road surface being in contact with a tire from a time-varying waveform of vibration of the running tire, the time-varying waveform of vibration having been detected by a vibration detecting means, a plurality of intrinsic vibration modes, from data of the time-varying waveform of vibration of the tire, using an algorithm of empirical mode decomposition; selecting an arbitrary intrinsic vibration mode from the plurality of intrinsic vibration modes; calculating a statistic amount from the distribution of feature data calculated by performing Hilbert transform on the selected intrinsic vibration mode to set the statistic amount as a feature amount; and determining the road surface condition from the feature amount and a feature amount obtained in advance for each road surface condition.

The present application provides a method and system for identifying extreme climate events. The method acquires climate index (CI) grid data of a to-be-identified region within an extreme climate time period, and gradually expands each of event centers in the to-be-identified region, until CI values of all grids adjacent to the event center are not greater than a CI threshold. The method can obtain extreme climate impacted areas of extreme climate events in the to-be-identified region, and can further obtain CI intensities of the extreme climate events by average calculation. The method can obtain three pieces of dimension information on each of the extreme climate events in the to-be-identified region, including an extreme climate impacted area, a CI intensity and a duration. Therefore, the method can identify the extreme climate events more comprehensively.

The present application provides a method and system for identifying extreme climate events. The method acquires climate index (CI) grid data of a to-be-identified region within an extreme climate time period, and gradually expands each of event centers in the to-be-identified region, until CI values of all grids adjacent to the event center are not greater than a CI threshold. The method can obtain extreme climate impacted areas of extreme climate events in the to-be-identified region, and can further obtain CI intensities of the extreme climate events by average calculation. The method can obtain three pieces of dimension information on each of the extreme climate events in the to-be-identified region, including an extreme climate impacted area, a CI intensity and a duration. Therefore, the method can identify the extreme climate events more comprehensively.

Example methods and systems for detecting weather conditions using vehicle onboard sensors are provided. An example method includes receiving laser data collected for an environment of a vehicle, and the laser data includes a plurality of laser data points. The method also includes associating, by a computing device, laser data points of the plurality of laser data points with one or more objects in the environment, and determining given laser data points of the plurality of laser data points that are unassociated with the one or more objects in the environment as being representative of an untracked object. The method also includes based on one or more untracked objects being determined, identifying by the computing device an indication of a weather condition of the environment.