A macro lens includes: a first focus lens group having negative refractive power; and a second focus lens group arranged closer to an image side than the first focus lens group is arranged and having positive refractive power. At time of performing a focusing operation from an object at infinite to an object at a close distance, the first focus lens group travels toward the image side, and the second focus lens group travels with a traveling amount different from a traveling amount of the first focus lens group. The second focus lens group is configured of only one positive lens.

An optical system including at least one liquid crystal lens and an imaging lens module is provided. The optical system is configured to form an image of an object. The at least one liquid crystal lens and the imaging lens module is disposed on a path of light from the object. The at least one liquid crystal lens includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The second substrate is opposite to the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. An effective refractive index of each position on the liquid crystal layer is related to an voltage applied, and the at least one liquid crystal lens is configured to change an optical axis of the at least one liquid crystal lens by changing distribution of orientations of liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer.

An adjustment apparatus which is an optical system having an incident face and a light exit face that is parallel to the incident face. The optical system is disposed in an exposure device. The adjustment apparatus includes at least one wedge lens and a plurality of optical lenses configured such that at least one of focal plane adjustment, magnification adjustment and position adjustment for a field of view corresponding to the exposure device is made possible through changing relative positions of at least one pair of neighboring ones of the lenses. An adjustment method corresponding to the adjustment apparatus is also provided for the focal plane adjustment, magnification adjustment and position adjustment for the field of view corresponding to the exposure device.

An adjustment apparatus which is an optical system having an incident face and a light exit face that is parallel to the incident face. The optical system is disposed in an exposure device. The adjustment apparatus includes at least one wedge lens and a plurality of optical lenses configured such that at least one of focal plane adjustment, magnification adjustment and position adjustment for a field of view corresponding to the exposure device is made possible through changing relative positions of at least one pair of neighboring ones of the lenses. An adjustment method corresponding to the adjustment apparatus is also provided for the focal plane adjustment, magnification adjustment and position adjustment for the field of view corresponding to the exposure device.

An optical system includes an objective of the zoom type and a depth-estimating optical detecting unit, the depth-estimating optical detecting unit including a matrix array of micro-lenses and a matrix-array detector, the matrix array of micro-lenses being arranged so that the image of the focal plane of the zoom is focused by the matrix array of micro-lenses on the plane of the matrix-array detector. The optical system calculates, for a first focal length of the zoom and for a given object, the estimated distance of this object and the measurement uncertainty in this estimation, depending on the first focal length and the estimated distance and, this estimated distance being known, optimizes by allowing at least one second focal length of the zoom to which a lower measurement uncertainty in this estimation corresponds to be determined.

Provided is a zoom lens including: a lens unit Ln1 having a negative refractive power; a lens unit Ln2 having a negative refractive power; a lens unit Lp1 having a positive refractive power; and a rear lens group including one or more lens units, the lens unit Ln1, the lens unit Ln2, the lens unit Lp1, and the rear lens group being successively arranged in order from an object side to an image side, in which the lens unit Ln1 and the lens unit Lp1 are moved along the same locus during zooming, and in which the lens unit Ln2 is moved toward the object side during focusing from infinity to proximity.

Provided is a zoom lens including: a lens unit Ln1 having a negative refractive power; a lens unit Ln2 having a negative refractive power; a lens unit Lp1 having a positive refractive power; and a rear lens group including one or more lens units, the lens unit Ln1, the lens unit Ln2, the lens unit Lp1, and the rear lens group being successively arranged in order from an object side to an image side, in which the lens unit Ln1 and the lens unit Lp1 are moved along the same locus during zooming, and in which the lens unit Ln2 is moved toward the object side during focusing from infinity to proximity.

A visualization apparatus and a system for enhancing hand-eye coordination during a medical procedure are provided. The visualization apparatus includes an elongate support member, a head member, an operating head element, and a processor. The head member connected to the elongate support member at a predetermined angle includes an angled wall for mounting a reflector. The operating head element connected to an upper end of the head member mounts and supports an objective lens. The objective lens focuses light from an operating field to a reflector to create an image of the operating field. An eyepiece lens accommodated in the elongate support member or the head member magnifies the created image. The processor operatively communicating with an image receiver processes and transmits the magnified image to a viewer. The orientation of the magnified image on the viewer is similar to the orientation of the operating field, thereby enhancing hand-eye coordination.

A visualization apparatus and a system for enhancing hand-eye coordination during a medical procedure are provided. The visualization apparatus includes an elongate support member, a head member, an operating head element, and a processor. The head member connected to the elongate support member at a predetermined angle includes an angled wall for mounting a reflector. The operating head element connected to an upper end of the head member mounts and supports an objective lens. The objective lens focuses light from an operating field to a reflector to create an image of the operating field. An eyepiece lens accommodated in the elongate support member or the head member magnifies the created image. The processor operatively communicating with an image receiver processes and transmits the magnified image to a viewer. The orientation of the magnified image on the viewer is similar to the orientation of the operating field, thereby enhancing hand-eye coordination.

A zoom apparatus for a camera of a game system is disclosed. The zoom apparatus has a body structure formed to fit over the camera. The zoom apparatus includes a zoom lens disposed within the body structure so as to be positioned in front of a lens of the camera when the body structure is attached to the camera. The zoom apparatus also includes an optical waveguide disposed within the body structure. The optical waveguide is formed to have an optical input and an optical output. The optical waveguide is formed to receive light into the optical input from a light source on the camera when the body structure is attached to the camera. The optical waveguide is formed to emit light from the optical output into a designated area within a field of view of the lens of the camera when the body structure is attached to the camera.