A liquid crystal element (100) refracts and outputs light. The liquid crystal element (100) includes a first electrode (1), a second electrode (2), an insulating layer (21) that is an electric insulator, a resistance layer (22), a liquid crystal layer (23) including liquid crystal, and a third electrode (3). The insulating layer (21) is disposed between each location of the first and second electrodes (1) and (2) and the resistance layer (22) to insulate the first and second electrodes (1) and (2) from the resistance layer (22). The resistance layer (22) has an electrical resistivity higher than that of the first electrode (1) and lower than that of the insulating layer (21). The resistance layer (22) and the liquid crystal layer (23) are disposed between the insulating layer (21) and the third electrode (3). The resistance layer (22) is disposed between the insulating layer (21) and the liquid crystal layer (23). The insulating layer (21) has a thickness (ts) smaller than a thickness (th) of the resistance layer (22).

The purpose of the present invention is to appropriately control the rate of polymerization of a composition in which a thiol compound and an isocyanate compound are added to an episulfide compound and thereby provide an optical material which has high transparency. This composition for use as optical material comprises (a) an episulfide compound, (b) an isocyanate compound, (c) a thiol compound, and (d) a benzyl halide compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein: X is a halogen; L is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a halogen, a mercaptomethyl group, and an isocyanate methyl group; and n is 1 or 2.

There is provided a contact lens having a convex front surface and a concave rear surface, the front surface being divided into an optical portion, an edge joining the front and rear surfaces, a first smoothing portion arranged on an outer periphery of the optical portion, a peripheral portion arranged on an outer periphery of the first smoothing portion, and a second smoothing portion connecting the peripheral portion and the edge, the front surface having mirror image symmetry with respect to a vertical meridian as a boundary extending from an upper end of the lens to a lower end of the lens passing through a midpoint of the lens, and having mirror image symmetry also with respect to the horizontal meridian perpendicular to the vertical meridian at the lens midpoint, the peripheral portion being arranged to include the horizontal meridian, and configured of: a first peripheral portion arranged to include the horizontal meridian and having a shape so as to maximize a thickness of the contact lens on the horizontal meridian, a second peripheral portion arranged to include the vertical meridian and having a shape so as to minimize the thickness of the contact lens on the vertical meridian, a first peripheral auxiliary portion which is a portion adjacent to the first peripheral portion, having a surface shape so as to keep the thickness of the contact lens constant; and an inclined portion which is a portion connecting the first peripheral auxiliary portion and the second peripheral portion to form a continuous surface, and having a surface shape that changes the thickness of the contact lens.

Devices/techniques coupleable to patient sensors, ambient environment, and external sensory input. Devices/techniques receive/maintain information; correlate received/maintained information with measures associated with detecting/monitoring, predict, prevent/treat, and train/reward patient self-care, for dry eyes. Devices/techniques detect/monitor, predict, and prevent/treat dry eyes in real time; and train/reward patients to conduct self-care for dry eyes. The devices/techniques provide adjusted sensory inputs to prevent/treat dry eyes, or to train/reward patients to conduct self-care for dry eyes. The devices/techniques cooperate with other devices, including devices worn by nearby patients, to receive/maintain information about the ambient environment, or communicate with medical personnel. The devices/techniques adjust parameters they use, in response to received information that differs from predictions, to provide superior behavior, and communicate with other devices and medical personnel. Devices/techniques are combined with devices/techniques that perform similar functions for other conditions, migraines/photophobia, neuro-opthalmic disorders, and other ocular conditions, and for combinations of dry eyes with other conditions.

Devices/techniques coupleable to patient sensors, ambient environment, and external sensory input. Devices/techniques receive/maintain information; correlate received/maintained information with measures associated with detecting/monitoring, predict, prevent/treat, and train/reward patient self-care, for dry eyes. Devices/techniques detect/monitor, predict, and prevent/treat dry eyes in real time; and train/reward patients to conduct self-care for dry eyes. The devices/techniques provide adjusted sensory inputs to prevent/treat dry eyes, or to train/reward patients to conduct self-care for dry eyes. The devices/techniques cooperate with other devices, including devices worn by nearby patients, to receive/maintain information about the ambient environment, or communicate with medical personnel. The devices/techniques adjust parameters they use, in response to received information that differs from predictions, to provide superior behavior, and communicate with other devices and medical personnel. Devices/techniques are combined with devices/techniques that perform similar functions for other conditions, migraines/photophobia, neuro-opthalmic disorders, and other ocular conditions, and for combinations of dry eyes with other conditions.

A contact lens for application in practice of orthokeratology on an eye, including a curved shell having a concave surface and a convex surface. The concave surface includes a carrier zone and a back shaping zone, the back shaping zone having a first curvature and the carrier zone having at least one second curvature. The curved shell has a geometric center and the back shaping zone has a shaping zone center and the back shaping zone center is offset peripherally from the geometric center. The curved shell can have an overall diameter that approximates a corneal limbal diameter of the eye to which the contact lens is to be applied.

A contact lens for application in practice of orthokeratology on an eye, including a curved shell having a concave surface and a convex surface. The concave surface includes a carrier zone and a back shaping zone, the back shaping zone having a first curvature and the carrier zone having at least one second curvature. The curved shell has a geometric center and the back shaping zone has a shaping zone center and the back shaping zone center is offset peripherally from the geometric center. The curved shell can have an overall diameter that approximates a corneal limbal diameter of the eye to which the contact lens is to be applied.

An optical device (40) includes an electro-optical layer (46), having an effective local index of refraction at any given location within an active area of the electro-optical layer that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location. Conductive electrodes (50, 52) are disposed over opposing first and second side of the electro-optical layer. Control circuitry (26) is configured to apply control voltage waveforms between the conductive electrodes so as to generate a phase modulation profile in the electro-optical layer that causes rays of optical radiation that are incident on the device to converge or diverge with a given focal power, while varying an amplitude of the control voltage waveforms for the given focal power responsively to an angle of incidence of the rays that impinge on the device from a direction of interest.

A manufacturing method of a spectacle lens provided with hidden markings includes: setting forming positions of the hidden markings to certain positions; changing the forming positions of the hidden markings based on at least one parameter obtained from spectacle lens product-related information that indicates information about a spectacle lens product, spectacle frame-related information that indicates information about a spectacle frame, prescription-related information that indicates information about a prescription for a wearer, and fitting-related information that indicates information about fitting for the wearer; and forming the changed hidden markings.

A manufacturing method of a spectacle lens provided with hidden markings includes: setting forming positions of the hidden markings to certain positions; changing the forming positions of the hidden markings based on at least one parameter obtained from spectacle lens product-related information that indicates information about a spectacle lens product, spectacle frame-related information that indicates information about a spectacle frame, prescription-related information that indicates information about a prescription for a wearer, and fitting-related information that indicates information about fitting for the wearer; and forming the changed hidden markings.