A switchable optical element, a smart window having the same, and a method for switching between optical states of the element such that the optical element includes a pair of substrates disposed facing each other, and at least one cell arranged between the pair of substrates and filled with scattering particles. An electrode configuration is provided on the pair of substrates such that a first group of cell electrodes is interleaved with electrodes of a second group of cell electrodes on a face of a first substrate, and a third group of cell electrodes is interleaved with electrodes of a fourth group of cell electrodes on a face of a second substrate. Switching of the cell includes laterally transporting over at least a distance corresponding to two adjacent cell electrodes of one same cell electrode group and confining the scattering particles to a confinement region within the cell.

A bismuth-substituted rare earth iron garnet single crystal suitable for Faraday rotators and optical isolators with reduced insertion loss due to suppressed valence fluctuation of Fe ions is provided. The bismuth-substituted rare earth iron garnet single crystal of the present invention is characterized by the composition formula (Gd.sub.aLn.sub.bBi.sub.cMg.sub.3−(a+b+c))(Fe.sub.dGa.sub.eTi.sub.fPt.sub.5−(d+e+f))O.sub.12. In the composition formula above, 0.02≤f≤0.05, 0.02≤{3−(a+b+c)}≤0.08, and −0.01≤{3−(a+b+c)}−{f+5−(d+e+f)}≤0.01. Ln is a rare earth element and may be selected from Eu, Dy, Gd, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y.

An optical modulator includes an active layer of an organic solid crystalline phase, a primary electrode disposed over a first portion of the active layer, and a secondary electrode disposed over a second portion of the active layer, where an optical property of the active layer is configured to have a first value along a chosen direction in a first biased state and a second value along the chosen direction in a second biased state.

A touch screen, a positioning method thereof and a touch display device. The touch screen includes a touch area; a plurality of emitters disposed on a first side of the touch area; a plurality of receivers disposed on a second side of the touch area opposite to the first side of the touch area; and direction changing units disposed in the light ray-emitting directions of at least part of the emitters and configured to change emitting directions of light rays emitted by the emitters so that the light rays with different emitting directions are emitted at different time periods and the light rays with the different emitting directions are received by different receivers. The touch screen has an increased resolution.

A touch screen, a positioning method thereof and a touch display device. The touch screen includes a touch area; a plurality of emitters disposed on a first side of the touch area; a plurality of receivers disposed on a second side of the touch area opposite to the first side of the touch area; and direction changing units disposed in the light ray-emitting directions of at least part of the emitters and configured to change emitting directions of light rays emitted by the emitters so that the light rays with different emitting directions are emitted at different time periods and the light rays with the different emitting directions are received by different receivers. The touch screen has an increased resolution.

An electro-optic device includes a first substrate having a first conductive layer thereon; a second substrate having a second conductive layer thereon; and an electro-optic layer comprising electro-optic microcapsules in a 100% solids or substantially solvent free radiation curable binder, the electro-optic layer being disposed between the first and second substrates in contact with the first and second conductive layers.

A device, such as an electroabsorption modulator, can modulate a light intensity by controllably absorbing a selectable fraction of the light. The device can include a substrate. A waveguide positioned on the substrate can guide light. An active region positioned on the waveguide can receive guided light from the waveguide, absorb a fraction of the received light, and return a complementary fraction of the received light to the waveguide. Such absorption produces heat, mostly at an input portion of the active region. The input portion of the active region can be thermally coupled to the substrate, which can dissipate heat from the input portion, and can help avoid thermal runaway of the device. The active region can be thermally isolated from the substrate away from the input portion, which can maintain a relatively low thermal mass for the active region, and can increase efficiency when heating the active region.

A method and a device for realizing an optical channel data unit (ODU) shared protection ring (SPRing) are disclosed. The method includes: first, receive an ODUj, wherein the ODUj carries an ODUi; then, perform de-multiplexing processing to obtain the ODUi from the ODUj; next, multiplex the ODUi to an optical channel data unit k (ODUk); meanwhile, keep monitoring the ODUk; and when the monitoring result that is obtained through monitoring the ODUk indicates that a failure has occurred, perform a switching on the ODUi; wherein i, j, k are integers equal to or larger than 0, k is larger than j, j is larger than i, and i, j, k are used to indicate different rates of respective optical channel data unit (ODU) signals.

Provided are a multilayered-coating system and a method of manufacturing the same. The multi-layered coating system includes: a layer 1 including a plurality of spherical voids with a radius a.sub.1 that are randomly distributed and separated from one another and a filler material with a refractive index n.sub.1 that is disposed in a space between the spherical voids; and subsequent layers expressed as the following word-equation, “a layer i located above a layer i−1 and including a plurality of spherical voids with a radius a.sub.i that are randomly distributed and separated from one another, and a filler material with a refractive index n.sub.i, the filler material disposed in a space between the spherical voids where i is an integer greater than 1”.

A display device includes a lower substrate and an upper substrate opposite the lower substrate; a lower electrode on the lower substrate; a bank insulating layer on the lower substrate, the bank insulating layer covering an edge of the lower electrode; a light-emitting layer on a surface of the lower electrode exposed by the bank insulating layer; an upper electrode on the light-emitting layer; a reflective pattern on the upper substrate, the reflective pattern overlapping with the bank insulating layer; and a half-mirror layer on a surface of the upper substrate exposed by the reflective pattern.