A system capable of achieving time synchronization among a plurality of apparatuses provided at positions where they are unable to receive a GNSS signal is provided. A time synchronization system includes a reference time obtaining unit configured to obtain, based on a radio signal from a global navigation satellite system, a first timing signal and time information corresponding to timing indicated by the first timing signal, a modulator, connected to a line branched into a plurality of branches, configured to generate a modulated signal containing corresponding time information in synchronization with the first timing signal and to send the modulated signal over the line, at least one demodulator, connected to any branch of the line, configured to demodulate the modulated signal propagating over the line, and at least one transmitter configured to transmit a first radio signal compatible with the radio signal from the global navigation satellite system.

A wireless parking meter with an improved antenna location is described. The antenna may be located within a covering protruding from the top of the parking meter, allowing radio frequency (RF) signals to be transmitted through a portion of the parking meter with high permittivity to the RF signals. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna may be located within the parking meter housing above a lower parking meter mechanism housing so that RF signals can be transmitted through the dome covering of the parking meter, which may have a high permittivity to the RF signals.

A time providing method includes: by a computer, upon receiving data from a device, estimating a generation time of the data using a reception time of the data and a first delay time of the device previously estimated; providing information indicating the generation time to the data; and transmitting the data provided with the information indicating the generation time to a destination of the data.

Plural communication apparatuses connected via communication are synchronized while flexibly coping with a change in the communication state.

A clock time management section manages a clock time. A clock time measurement section measures a clock time of another clock time management section of another apparatus and a clock time of the clock time management section of this apparatus for every predetermined processing, in the course of communication with the other apparatus having the other clock time management section. A clock time difference generation section generates a clock time difference between the clock time of the other clock time management section and the clock time of the clock time management section on the basis of the measured clock times. A clock time correction instruction section instructs the other apparatus to correct the clock time of the other clock time management section on the basis of the generated clock time difference.

A method for synchronizing time within a local, networked system including a first device and a least one second device. The first device uses a short-wavelength, ultra-high frequency radio communications protocol to advertise a time that is being maintained by a first clock of the first device. The second device uses the received time to discipline a second clock of the second device such that the second clock of the second device is generally synchronized to the first clock of the first device.

Upon receiving a dummy packet, a data collection terminal slave device (2) appends, to a return packet, a timestamp indicating the reception time of the dummy packet and a timestamp indicating the transmission time of the return packet, and transmits the return packet to a data collection terminal master device (3). When performing a time synchronization process, the data collection terminal master device (3) transmits the dummy packet to the data collection terminal slave device (2). Upon receiving the return packet, the data collection terminal master device (3) calculates a synchronization deviation time of the data collection terminal master device (3) and the data collection terminal slave device (2) and a propagation delay time between the data collection terminal master device (3) and the data collection terminal slave device (2), based on the transmission time of the dummy packet and the reception time of the return packet, and the reception time of the dummy packet and the transmission time of the return packet obtained from the timestamps of the return packet.

A wireless parking meter with an improved antenna location is described. The antenna may be located within a covering protruding from the top of the parking meter, allowing radio frequency (RF) signals to be transmitted through a portion of the parking meter with high permittivity to the RF signals. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna may be located within the parking meter housing above a lower parking meter mechanism housing so that RF signals can be transmitted through the dome covering of the parking meter, which may have a high permittivity to the RF signals.

The present disclosure provides an on-board synchronization device. The on-board synchronization device includes: a first circuit and at least one second circuit. The first circuit is configured to receive an initial signal containing Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), generate a first signal containing the UTC, and output the first signal to at least one on-board device, such that the at least one on-board device synchronizes its built-in clock with the UTC based on the first signal. The second circuit is configured to receive a Pulse Per Second (PPS) signal, generate a periodic second signal with a same phase as the PPS signal, and output the second signal or the PPS signal to the at least one on-board device, such that the at least one on-board device performs a predetermined action based on the second signal or the PPS signal.

A system capable of achieving time synchronization among a plurality of apparatuses provided at positions where they are unable to receive a GNSS signal is provided. A time synchronization system includes a reference time obtaining unit configured to obtain, based on a radio signal from a global navigation satellite system, a first timing signal and time information corresponding to timing indicated by the first timing signal, a modulator, connected to a line branched into a plurality of branches, configured to generate a modulated signal containing corresponding time information in synchronization with the first timing signal and to send the modulated signal over the line, at least one demodulator, connected to any branch of the line, configured to demodulate the modulated signal propagating over the line, and at least one transmitter configured to transmit a first radio signal compatible with the radio signal from the global navigation satellite system.

Provided is a processing device capable of, on the basis of data prepared by a recorder that only has recording function, acquiring information related to a time when the data was prepared. The processing device includes an acquisition unit for acquiring the recorded audio data, and an identification unit for detecting a sound signal that is included in the audio data and transmitted from an information transmission device and allows the time at which the signal was recorded to be identified, and identifying the time when other signals included in the audio data were recorded on the basis of the sound signal.