Provided are apparatuses and methods for providing power to a fission-type nuclear power plant by a reactor with a confining wall at least partially enclosing a confinement region within which charged particles and neutrals can rotate. A plurality of electrodes is adjacent or proximate to the confinement region. A control system having a voltage source applies an electric potential between the plurality of electrodes to generate an electric field within the confinement region to induce rotational movement of the charged particles and the neutrals therein. A reactant is disposed in the confinement region. Repeated collisions between the neutrals and the reactant produce energy and a product having a nuclear mass that is different from a nuclear mass of the nuclei of the neutrals and the reactant. The energy dissipates from the reactor to provide power to the fission-type nuclear power plant.

An experimentation apparatus tests for heat produced by cavitation. The experimentation apparatus includes a heating chamber, a quantity of heavy water, a piezo-disk antenna, a target foil, a transmission line, a signal generator, a control unit, and at least one sensor. The heavy water is retained within the heating chamber and is agitated by the piezo-disk antenna to form cavitation bubbles. These cavitation bubbles impact the target foil in order to potentially produce deuteron combination events that could consequently produce heat. The signal generator sends an electrical signal along a transmission line to the piezo-disk antenna in order to dictate how the piezo-disk antenna vibrates within the heavy water. The control unit is used to manage the operational functionalities of the experimentation apparatus such as instructing the signal generator to adjust the frequency of the electrical signal. The at least one sensor collects experimentation data within the heating chamber.

An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The AC component has a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 100 kHz. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent.

A micro-fusion powered craft has a centrally located internal chamber with an upper dome and a bottom opening. The chamber is radially surrounding by the main body of the craft. Ports from a fuel supply in the main body inject a deuterium-containing micro-fusion fuel material as a dispersed cloud within the chamber. Ambient cosmic rays and muons penetrate the upper dome into the chamber and interact with the fuel to produce energetic reaction products. The downwardly directed portion of the reaction products exist the chamber through the bottom opening to produce upward reaction thrust, while the upwardly directed portion of the reaction products are stopped by the upper dome to produce applied upward thrust. The craft may have one or more side ports for dispersing fuel material externally in a desired direction that reacts with ambient cosmic rays and muons to produce reaction products, at least some of which are received by a side of the craft to produce lateral thrust.

A method for generating electricity is disclosed. The method comprises: subjecting a fuel, comprising a first and a second fuel component, to input electromagnetic radiation for producing: a nucleus mass reducing isotope shift in the first fuel component, a nucleus mass increasing isotope shift in the second fuel component, and output electromagnetic radiation resulting from the nucleus mass increasing isotope shift; and generating electricity from the output electromagnetic radiation by transforming the output electromagnetic radiation into electricity by photoelectrically transforming the output electromagnetic radiation into electrons at a first electrode (52), and collecting the electrons at a second electrode (22) or by photovoltaically transforming the output electromagnetic radiation into electricity at a photovoltaic cell (70). Also an electricity generator for generating electricity according to the above is disclosed.

A method and apparatus to provide a plurality of radiation beams modulated according to at least two sub patterns of a pattern using radiation sources, the radiation sources producing radiation beams of at least two spot sizes such that each of the radiation beams having a same spot size of the at least two spot sizes is used to produce one of the at least two sub patterns, project the plurality of beams onto a substrate, and provide relative motion between the substrate and the plurality of radiation sources, in a scanning direction to expose the substrate. A method and apparatus to provide radiation modulated according to a desired pattern using a plurality of rows of two-dimensional arrays of radiation sources, project the modulated radiation onto a substrate using a projection system, and remove fluid from between the projection system and the substrate using one or more fluid removal units.

A method of excitation transfer to a radioactive source is provided, the radioactive source having a natural radioactive decay rate. The method includes: energizing a stimulatory device coupled to a radioactive source, thereby exciting the radioactive source to decay at an enhanced rate that is higher than the natural radioactive decay rate. An excitation transfer apparatus includes: a support element; a radioactive source mounted on the support element, the radioactive source having a natural radioactive decay rate; a stimulatory device coupled to the support element; and a driver operatively connected to the stimulatory device to energize the stimulatory device, wherein upon energization, the stimulatory device excites the radioactive source which thereby decays at an enhanced rate that is higher than the natural radioactive decay rate.

An object of the present invention is to achieve a simple and safe nuclear fusion reactor. The nuclear fusion reactor comprises: a vessel serving as a reactor body; a metallic heating element that contains heavy hydrogen contained in the vessel as a solute; a heavy hydrogen gas contained in the vessel, the heavy hydrogen gas being in an amount that allows 0.005% to 5% of heavy hydrogen to be contained as a solute in the metallic heating element based on the atomic ratio; and a mechanism for irradiating the metallic heating element with an ion beam. Such configuration causes, in the metallic crystal of the metallic heating element, a channeling phenomenon which guides ion beams to interstitial atom nuclei, and an intra-metal nuclear fusion probability increasing phenomenon which is explained based on the binary nucleus model. As a result, a mild nuclear fusion that does not emit gamma rays and neutron rays occurs, and the nuclear energy can be efficiently converted into heat due to the intra-metal nuclear fusion chain reaction.

The present invention discloses a low temperature controllable nuclear fusion device and a realization method thereof. The nuclear fusion device comprises a neutron source, an energy transmission system and a shielding layer. Neutrons radiated by the neutron source are used to irradiate the target nucleus-containing substance; the target nucleus of the neutron absorption is fissioned into a plurality of sub-nuclei; the released energy is transmitted by the energy transmission system; and the residual neutrons not absorbed by the target nucleus are completely absorbed by the shielding layer. The sub-nuclei and electrons produced by fission are finally combined into atoms and energy is released. The overall process of the present invention can be realized at low temperature, is easy to control, has no problem with Lawson conditions, and produces no radioactive spent nuclear fuel.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.