Systems and methods utilizing successive, axially symmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate two compact tori towards each other and ultimately collide and compress the compact tori within a central chamber. Alternatively, systems and methods utilizing successive, axially asymmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate a first compact toroid towards and position within a central chamber and to heat and accelerate a second compact toroid towards the central chamber and ultimately collide and merge the first and second compact toroids and compress the compact merge tori within the central chamber.

The present application discloses an exemplary exothermic reaction system that is configured to generate excess heat. Also disclosed is a set of procedures for preparing and operating the exothermic reaction system. A Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA) or a similar device such as a quadruple mass spectrometer is employed to ensure that each step in the set of procedures is complete before moving to the next step. The detailed steps in how to assemble and clean the exothermic reaction system are described along with the RGA test results that are used as calibration baseline.

A craft having a source of deuterium-containing micro-fusion fuel particles is operable above a planetary, lunar or asteroid surface in the presence of ambient cosmic rays. The fuel particles are dispersible from a set of ports, where at least some of the ports are in an underside of the craft body and others are in lateral sides of the craft body. Dispersed fuel particles interact with ambient cosmic rays and muons to generate energetic reaction products, at least some which are then received by the underside of the craft to generate lift and also selected lateral sides of the craft to generate propulsive thrust in a desired lateral direction. The craft can carry tethers and winches to carry a payload above the surface from location to another. In another embodiment, a balloon-based design, such as a dirigible, provides primary buoyant lift, while the micro-fusion particles provide at least lateral thrust, and supplemental lift where needed.

A particle beam emitter has a hollow particle beam tube having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a longitudinal axis. An electromagnetic system that includes a voltage supply is electrically coupled to the hollow particle beam tube and is configured to generate a primary electrical current flowing axially in the hollow particle beam tube from the first end portion towards the second end portion. A primary magnetic field associated with the primary electrical current is operable to induce a secondary electrical current in a plasma located within the hollow particle beam tube, the secondary electrical current flowing generally axially within the plasma and causing the plasma to contract inwardly towards the longitudinal axis.

A low cost and versatile plate reactor is capable of producing exothermic reactions under a wide variety of conditions using a wide variety of materials. The reactor design can be used to test various combinations of materials and triggers for exothermic reactions quickly. The reactor design can be used for solid-state materials, wet-cells/electrolytic materials, plasmas, and gases. The design will work with nanoparticles, solid materials, materials plated to a reactor wall, heavy water, or other liquid materials, and gases.

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for triggering an exothermic reaction in an electrolytic cell using two lasers configured at pre-determined triggering frequencies. The triggering frequencies are determined based on one or more resonant frequencies characteristic of the metal hydride coated on one of the electrodes of the electrolytic cell. Excess power output in the range of 200 through 500 mW is observed when an exothermic reaction is triggered in a dual laser electrolytic cell.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

A method for enhanced nuclear reactions includes the steps of providing a first target which is a thin film with solid deuterium; providing a deuteron beam having an extreme ultraviolet laser and a first infrared laser to apply on the first target to ionize the deuterium to form positive charged deuterons and electrons; providing a second infrared laser to the first target to accelerate the electrons and the positively charged deuterons; separating the accelerated electrons and the accelerated positively charged deuterons under a magnetic field; providing the accelerated electrons to move in a circular motion and the accelerated positive charger deuterons to move to form a cluster of accelerated positively charged deuterons, and breaking the cluster of accelerated positive charged deuterons into small pieces of positively charged deuterons.

Provided are a method for generating mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a method for changing the geometric shape and the electrochemical properties of a surface of a substance, a method for peeling off a rare metal using the generated mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a mechanical and electrochemical cavitation generator, and a method for generating a nuclear fusion reaction of deuterium. In the method for generating mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a water jet is jetted from a jetting nozzle immersed in water, and flow cavitation generated by the jetting of the water jet is irradiated with an ultrasonic wave to generate cavitation MFC having both a functional effect and an electrochemical effect.

Provided are a method for generating mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a method for changing the geometric shape and the electrochemical properties of a surface of a substance, a method for peeling off a rare metal using the generated mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a mechanical and electrochemical cavitation generator, and a method for generating a nuclear fusion reaction of deuterium. In the method for generating mechanical and electrochemical cavitation, a water jet is jetted from a jetting nozzle immersed in water, and flow cavitation generated by the jetting of the water jet is irradiated with an ultrasonic wave to generate cavitation MFC having both a functional effect and an electrochemical effect.