A practical technique for inducing and controlling the fusion of nuclei within a solid lattice. A reactor includes a loading source to provide the light nuclei which are to be fused, a lattice which can absorb the light nuclei, a source of phonon energy, and a control mechanism to start and stop stimulation of phonon energy and/or the loading of reactants. The lattice transmits phonon energy sufficient to affect electron-nucleus collapse. By controlling the stimulation of phonon energy and controlling the loading of light nuclei into the lattice, energy released by the fusion reactions is allowed to dissipate before it builds to the point that it causes destruction of the reaction lattice.

A heat generating device includes a container, a heat generating element disposed inside the container, a heater for heating the heat generating element, a conductive wire part connecting a wall portion of the container and the heater, a hydrogen supply unit for supplying a hydrogen-containing hydrogen-based gas to the heat generating element, and a vacuum evacuation unit for evacuating the container. Formula (1) is satisfied:

A.sub.HCη.sub.eq(T.sub.H−T.sub.W)+A.sub.sε.sub.eqσ(T.sub.S.sup.4−T.sub.W.sup.4)+P.sub.m<H.sub.ex   (1),

where T.sub.H is heater temperature, T.sub.W is external environmental temperature, A.sub.HC is equivalent heat conduction area, k.sub.eq is equivalent thermal conductivity, L.sub.eq is equivalent thermal conduction length, A.sub.S is sample radiation surface area, T.sub.S is sample surface temperature, ε.sub.eq is equivalent emissivity, σ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, P.sub.m is energy required for maintaining operation, H.sub.ex is thermal energy generated by the heat generating element, and η.sub.eq is (k.sub.eq/L.sub.eq).

A heat generating device includes a container, a heat generating element disposed inside the container, a heater for heating the heat generating element, a conductive wire part connecting a wall portion of the container and the heater, a hydrogen supply unit for supplying a hydrogen-containing hydrogen-based gas to the heat generating element, and a vacuum evacuation unit for evacuating the container. Formula (1) is satisfied:

A.sub.HCη.sub.eq(T.sub.H−T.sub.W)+A.sub.sε.sub.eqσ(T.sub.S.sup.4−T.sub.W.sup.4)+P.sub.m<H.sub.ex   (1),

where T.sub.H is heater temperature, T.sub.W is external environmental temperature, A.sub.HC is equivalent heat conduction area, k.sub.eq is equivalent thermal conductivity, L.sub.eq is equivalent thermal conduction length, A.sub.S is sample radiation surface area, T.sub.S is sample surface temperature, ε.sub.eq is equivalent emissivity, σ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, P.sub.m is energy required for maintaining operation, H.sub.ex is thermal energy generated by the heat generating element, and η.sub.eq is (k.sub.eq/L.sub.eq).

Radiating device (1) comprising at least one vacuum chamber (2), an electrostatic accelerator or laser of high power and high frequency (5) for producing at least one primary beam inside the vacuum chamber (2), and an active material layer (4) carried by a support (3) into the vacuum chamber (2) to generate an intense neutron flux when the active layer is struck by the primary beam, and at least one target (6) comprising a material, with the target (6) disposed on the same side of the electrostatic accelerator or power laser (5) as the active material layer (4).

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Systems and methods utilizing successive, axially symmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate two compact tori towards each other and ultimately collide and compress the compact tori within a central chamber. Alternatively, systems and methods utilizing successive, axially asymmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate a first compact toroid towards and position within a central chamber and to heat and accelerate a second compact toroid towards the central chamber and ultimately collide and merge the first and second compact toroids and compress the compact merge tori within the central chamber.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for creating, controlling, conducting, and optimizing fusion activities of nuclei. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions from aneutronic, fusion reactions that produce essentially no neutrons, to neutronic, fusion reactions that produce substantial numbers of neutrons.

A process of fusing common hydrogen to: (1) form all of the elements in the Periodic Table of Elements; and, (2) produce excess energy. The process involves controllably initiating the process of electron capture with a hydrogen nucleus, which produces virtual neutrons and a new short-lived negatively charged particle (Negatron).

A process of fusing common hydrogen to: (1) form all of the elements in the Periodic Table of Elements; and, (2) produce excess energy. The process involves controllably initiating the process of electron capture with a hydrogen nucleus, which produces virtual neutrons and a new short-lived negatively charged particle (Negatron).

A particle beam emitter has a hollow particle beam tube having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a longitudinal axis. An electromagnetic system that includes a voltage supply is electrically coupled to the hollow particle beam tube and is configured to generate a primary electrical current flowing axially in the hollow particle beam tube from the first end portion towards the second end portion. A primary magnetic field associated with the primary electrical current is operable to induce a secondary electrical current in a plasma located within the hollow particle beam tube, the secondary electrical current flowing generally axially within the plasma and causing the plasma to contract inwardly towards the longitudinal axis.