A scalar particle conversion apparatus, system and method are disclosed. The apparatus includes an anode and a crystalline cathode disposed within an electrolytic fluid or gas. A voltage source is configured to generate a current between the anode and the cathode and one or more components within the electrolytic fluid or gas are loaded into the crystalline cathode. The crystalline cathode generates photons through the interaction between a scalar particle flow and oscillating magnetic hyperfine fields within the crystalline cathode via the inverse Primakoff effect. One or more energy conversion devices are arranged with respect to the crystalline cathode so as to convert the photons or heat from the crystalline cathode to an electrical output.

A scalar particle conversion apparatus, system and method are disclosed. The apparatus includes an anode and a crystalline cathode disposed within an electrolytic fluid or gas. A voltage source is configured to generate a current between the anode and the cathode and one or more components within the electrolytic fluid or gas are loaded into the crystalline cathode. The crystalline cathode generates photons through the interaction between a scalar particle flow and oscillating magnetic hyperfine fields within the crystalline cathode via the inverse Primakoff effect. One or more energy conversion devices are arranged with respect to the crystalline cathode so as to convert the photons or heat from the crystalline cathode to an electrical output.

An exothermic transmutation method for at least partially deactivating radioactive material, the method comprising the steps of: —Arranging a dusty compound comprising at least a transition metal in a chamber (7) of a reactor (1) outside a closed container; —Arranging the radioactive material in said chamber (7), the radioactive material being and staying encapsulated in said closed container; —Providing hydrogen in contact with the dusty compound and with the radioactive material at a pressure higher than the ambient pressure; —Generating an electric field in the chamber (7), the electric field being applied to the dusty compound and the radioactive material; —Energizing the dusty compound by heating, then generating a transmutation of said at least one transition metal into another transition metal and proton emission towards the radioactive material, said radioactive material being at least partially deactivated, —Removing thermal energy from the reactor (1).

Nuclear fusion processes with enhanced rates may be realized by providing energetic electrons in an environment containing a suitable fuel gas, a liquid fuel source, a solid fuel source, a plasma fuel source, or any combination thereof. The fuel source may be deuterium, tritium, a combination thereof, or any fuel source capable of creating deeply screened and/or neutral nuclei when exposed to energetic electrons. Under proper conditions, at least some of the deeply screened and/or neutral nuclei fuse with other nuclei. Neutral versions of deuteron and/or triton nuclei may be created by bringing neutrons with certain energy levels (e.g., around 3 MeV, but optionally less or much less than 3 MeV) into interaction with other neutrons, forming neutral versions of deuterons and/or tritons. Such processes may be used for power generation, heat production, nuclear waste remediation, material creation, and/or medical isotope production, for example.

A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient switching inductive magnetic Enhanced Exothermic Reactions (EERs) on the surface of electrodes with a conductive electrically heated lithium-polymer electrolyte with switching magnetic fields while under hydrogen loading pressures to produce a second exothermal electrode surface and/or plasma heat reaction to heat a fluid, gas, or heat thermoelectric modules to produce electricity and store energy, while producing a cross-linked carbon graphene by-product at elevated temperatures using an auger to pump and transport the electrolyte fuel in a continuous or intermittent process or a onetime use. The device can self-start from an internal stored charge to electrically start a heated reaction.

An exothermic fusion reactor is described that uses metal-oxygen transmutation. The process comprises a negatively-charged environment; a moderator comprising at least one noble gas; a metal, including isotopes of hydrogen; and a facilitator comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof.

An exothermic fusion reactor is described that uses metal-oxygen transmutation. The process comprises a negatively-charged environment; a moderator comprising at least one noble gas; a metal, including isotopes of hydrogen; and a facilitator comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof.

Systems and methods utilizing successive, axially symmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate two compact tori towards each other and ultimately collide and compress the compact tori within a central chamber. Alternatively, systems and methods utilizing successive, axially asymmetric acceleration and adiabatic compression stages to heat and accelerate a first compact toroid towards and position within a central chamber and to heat and accelerate a second compact toroid towards the central chamber and ultimately collide and merge the first and second compact toroids and compress the compact merge tori within the central chamber.

A treatment of a possibly powdered, sintered, or deposited lattice (e.g., nickel) for heat generating applications and a way to control low energy nuclear reactions (“LENR”) hosted in the lattice by controlling hydride formation. The method of control and treatment involves the use of the reaction lattice, enclosed by an inert cover gas such as argon that carries hydrogen as the reactive gas in a non-flammable mixture. Hydrogen ions in the lattice are transmuted to neutrons as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0206715 (Godes_2007)). Hydrogen moving through the lattice interacts with the newly formed neutrons generating an exothermic reaction.

A treatment of a possibly powdered, sintered, or deposited lattice (e.g., nickel) for heat generating applications and a way to control low energy nuclear reactions (“LENR”) hosted in the lattice by controlling hydride formation. The method of control and treatment involves the use of the reaction lattice, enclosed by an inert cover gas such as argon that carries hydrogen as the reactive gas in a non-flammable mixture. Hydrogen ions in the lattice are transmuted to neutrons as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0206715 (Godes_2007)). Hydrogen moving through the lattice interacts with the newly formed neutrons generating an exothermic reaction.