In accordance with one embodiment, lower energy photons are combined into a higher energy photon, a phat, by a shift in equilibrium from plasma toward condensing atoms. Phats are an ingredient for new compositions of matter and for nuclear reactions. Many of these compositions of matter are between a chemical and a nuclear scale. A self-assembled reactor is described at this scale. Also, fuels are produced that are high energy activated compositions of matter. Some activated compositions of matter can cause various nuclear reactions. A sequence is described for generalized chemical/nuclear steps. The nuclear reactions which occur include: photodisintegration, neutron absorption, accelerated nuclear decay of radioactive isotopes, and fusion of various combinations of elements.

In accordance with one embodiment, lower energy photons are combined into a higher energy photon, a phat, by a shift in equilibrium from plasma toward condensing atoms. Phats are an ingredient for new compositions of matter and for nuclear reactions. Many of these compositions of matter are between a chemical and a nuclear scale. A self-assembled reactor is described at this scale. Also, fuels are produced that are high energy activated compositions of matter. Some activated compositions of matter can cause various nuclear reactions. A sequence is described for generalized chemical/nuclear steps. The nuclear reactions which occur include: photodisintegration, neutron absorption, accelerated nuclear decay of radioactive isotopes, and fusion of various combinations of elements.

Neutron and proton generating processes consist in a thermal neutrons generation process arising in particular circumstances after destabilization of a coherent electrons beam wherein electrons have a minimum carrying-energy of 1.022 MeV; a thermal protons generation process arising in particular circumstances after destabilization of a coherent positrons beam wherein positrons have a minimum carrying-energy of 1.022 MeV; and a stochastically equal numbers of thermal protons and neutrons generation process arising in particular circumstances after destabilization of a coherent electromagnetic photons beam wherein photons have a minimum energy of 1.022 MeV. Large amounts of residual energy and metastable partons would be produced during each process.

Neutron and proton generating processes consist in a thermal neutrons generation process arising in particular circumstances after destabilization of a coherent electrons beam wherein electrons have a minimum carrying-energy of 1.022 MeV; a thermal protons generation process arising in particular circumstances after destabilization of a coherent positrons beam wherein positrons have a minimum carrying-energy of 1.022 MeV; and a stochastically equal numbers of thermal protons and neutrons generation process arising in particular circumstances after destabilization of a coherent electromagnetic photons beam wherein photons have a minimum energy of 1.022 MeV. Large amounts of residual energy and metastable partons would be produced during each process.

Some embodiments include systems to generate transient, elevated effective mass electron quasiparticles for transmuting radioactive fission products. Other embodiments of related systems and methods also are disclosed.

Some embodiments include systems to generate transient, elevated effective mass electron quasiparticles for transmuting radioactive fission products. Other embodiments of related systems and methods also are disclosed.

The invention relates to a method for producing and/or capturing neutrons, including the following steps: a) exposing nuclei selected among protons, deuterons and/or tritons to an electric field in order to extract said nuclei and to direct said nuclei thus extracted towards a target (20) containing free electrons; b) for example, exposing said nuclei to a spatial and/or temporal gradient of a first magnetic field so as to give a predefined orientation to the magnetic moments of the nuclei; c) either exposing the target to a second magnetic field so as to give a predefined orientation to the magnetic moments of the free electrons of the target; d) or using an electron-donor superparamagnetic material so that the electrons of the free layers of these materials are oriented in preferred directions generated by the orientation of the resulting magnetic moment of the superparamagnetic material; e) for example, in the case of using a superparamagnetic material, not exposing the proton beam and/or the target to the external magnetic fields. A heating device and/or a device for generating magnetic fields may be required in order to activate the superparamagnetic properties of the material.

The invention relates to a method for producing and/or capturing neutrons, including the following steps: a) exposing nuclei selected among protons, deuterons and/or tritons to an electric field in order to extract said nuclei and to direct said nuclei thus extracted towards a target (20) containing free electrons; b) for example, exposing said nuclei to a spatial and/or temporal gradient of a first magnetic field so as to give a predefined orientation to the magnetic moments of the nuclei; c) either exposing the target to a second magnetic field so as to give a predefined orientation to the magnetic moments of the free electrons of the target; d) or using an electron-donor superparamagnetic material so that the electrons of the free layers of these materials are oriented in preferred directions generated by the orientation of the resulting magnetic moment of the superparamagnetic material; e) for example, in the case of using a superparamagnetic material, not exposing the proton beam and/or the target to the external magnetic fields. A heating device and/or a device for generating magnetic fields may be required in order to activate the superparamagnetic properties of the material.

An emissions-filtering reaction-isolation apparatus for stimulating hydride reactions that are confined in the apparatus and allowing any MeV ions with energy greater than approximately 2 MeV emitted to escape from the apparatus. The apparatus can include a reaction region enclosed by an envelope. The apparatus also can include one or more conductors comprising crystal films or particles of Pd, Ti, W, or Ni. The apparatus additionally can include at least two supports for each conductor. The apparatus further can include a hydrogen storage material located adjacent to the conductors. When the apparatus is stimulated by heating by one or more lasers or MeV energy particle beams, hydrogen is released from the hydrogen storage material, the heating causes the hydride reactions with the conductors, the hydride reactions increase a temperature of the apparatus providing a hydride reaction signature, and if any reactions cause emission of the ions, the ions escape from the apparatus to allow detection of the ions. Other embodiments are described.

An exothermic fusion reactor is described that uses metal-oxygen transmutation. The process comprises a negatively-charged environment; a moderator comprising at least one noble gas; a metal, including isotopes of hydrogen; and a facilitator comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof.