A spherical ion trap includes a substrate and an ion aperture; two RF electrodes in electrostatic communication with an ion trapping region; RF ground electrodes in electrostatic communication with the ion trapping region; and the ion trapping region bounded by opposing RF electrodes and the RF ground electrodes, such that: the ion trapping region is disposed within the ion aperture and receives ions that are selectively trapped in the ion trapping region in response to receipt of DC and RF voltages by the RF electrodes, and receipt of the DC voltages by RF ground electrodes, and the first RF electrode, the second RF electrode, the RF ground electrodes, and the ion trapping region are disposed in the same plane within the ion aperture.

A radioactive power generation system is disclosed, the system comprising a radioactive power generator and a releasable antiproton containment. The radioactive power generator includes a radioisotope material. The releasable antiproton containment comprising a plurality of antiprotons contained in isolation from the radioisotope material. The releasable antiproton containment is configured to selectively release the antiprotons from the releasable antiproton containment such that the antiprotons can annihilate the radioisotope material in a fission event to reenergize the radioactive power generator.

A trap for quantum particles, e.g., cesium atoms, is formed using electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of different wavelengths (concurrently and/or at different times). “Red-detuned” EMR, having a trap wavelength longer than a resonant wavelength for a quantum particle is “attracting” and, so, can be used to form the array trap while loading atoms into the array trap. “Blue-detuned” EMR, having a trap wavelength shorter than the resonant wavelength can repel atoms into dark areas away from the EMR peaks so that the atoms are not disturbed by interference carried by the EMR; accordingly, the blue-detuned EMR is used to form the array trap during quantum-circuit execution. Red and blue detuned EMR are used together to form deeper traps that can be used to detect vacant atom sites. Other combinations of trap wavelengths can also be used.

A pulsed-laser applies short (e.g., less than 10 pico-seconds) pulses to modify quantum particle (e.g., alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal atoms) ultra-high vacuum (UHV) cells to bond, ablate, and/or chemically modify vacuum-facing surfaces of the cell. The pulses are generated outside the cell and are transmitted through a vacuum-boundary wall. In one example, one vacuum-boundary wall is first contact bonded to other vacuum boundary walls at a relatively low temperature (below 200° C.), sufficient to form a temporary hermetic seal. Pulsed laser bonding is used to reinforce the contact bonds, correcting defects and generally increasing the robustness of the seal. The pulses provide high peak power to ensure strong bonds, but low total heat so as to avoid heat damage to nearby cell components and to limit quantum-particle sorbtion to and into cell walls.

A method of performing an entangling operation between two trapped ions in a quantum computer includes selecting a gate duration value of a pulse to be applied to a first ion and a second ion in a chain of trapped ions, determining one or more tones of the pulse, each tone comprising an amplitude value and a detuning frequency value, based on the selected gate duration value and frequencies of the motional modes of the chain of trapped ions, generating the pulse having the one or more tones, each tone comprising the determined amplitude and the determined detuning frequency values, and applying the generated pulse to the first and second ions for the gate duration value. Each of the trapped ions has two frequency-separated states defining a qubit, and motional modes of the chain of trapped ions each have a distinct frequency.

A high bandwidth gravimeter or accelerometer includes laser(s), modulator(s), and an atomic interferometer. The laser(s) and modulator(s) produce four laser frequencies. A first and second pair of laser frequencies are each separated by w.sub.m. The first and second pair are offset by w.sub.shift. A first laser frequency of the first pair and a second laser frequency of the second pair are separated by w.sub.m+w.sub.shift. A second laser frequency of the first pair and a first laser frequency of the second pair are separated by w.sub.m−w.sub.shift. The first pair is routed to arrive from a first direction at atoms in an interaction region, and the second pair from a second direction. The first pair are phase stable with respect to the second pair. w.sub.m is adjusted so that w.sub.m+w.sub.shift or w.sub.m−w.sub.shift corresponds to a Raman resonance for the atomic interferometer.

Based on determined locations of Kukharev (K) regions, and the estimated times of their formation on Earth, in the atmosphere, and in space, antimatter may be produced and collected, as described by the present invention. Due to jumps in the gravitational field, various standing waves are formed from the resonances of the gravitational tides. A wave of charged particles is formed within the K region and can be setup to collide with targets comprising heavy metal atoms (or other equivalents), the colliding thereby creating antimatter particles. These antimatter particles can then be stored in various traps and used for various purposes, e.g., energy formation.

Based on determined locations of Kukharev (K) regions, and the estimated times of their formation on Earth, in the atmosphere, and in space, antimatter may be produced and collected, as described by the present invention. Due to jumps in the gravitational field, various standing waves are formed from the resonances of the gravitational tides. A wave of charged particles is formed within the K region and can be setup to collide with targets comprising heavy metal atoms (or other equivalents), the colliding thereby creating antimatter particles. These antimatter particles can then be stored in various traps and used for various purposes, e.g., energy formation.

Holographic energy directing systems may include a waveguide array and a relay element. Disclosed calibration approaches allows for mapping of energy locations and mapping of energy locations to angular direction of energy as defined in a four-dimensional plenoptic system. Distortions due to the waveguide array and relay element may also be compensated.

Holographic energy directing systems may include a waveguide array and a relay element. Disclosed calibration approaches allows for mapping of energy locations and mapping of energy locations to angular direction of energy as defined in a four-dimensional plenoptic system. Distortions due to the waveguide array and relay element may also be compensated.