A use of a carbon steel wire for electric fencing lines, said carbon steel wire having a corrosion resistant coating, wherein the carbon content of said carbon steel wire is below 0.20 wt % and said corrosion resistant coating is zinc aluminium alloy or zinc aluminium magnesium alloy coating with a coating weight in the range of 30 to 100 g/m.sup.2.

A conductive two-dimensional particle of a layered material comprising one layer or one layer and plural layers, wherein the layer includes a layer body represented by: M.sub.mX.sub.n, and a modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body, wherein T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, or a hydrogen atom, M of the layer is bonded to at least one selected from the group consisting of PO.sub.4.sup.3−, I, or SO.sub.4.sup.2−, the total content of chlorine and bromine is 1,500 ppm by mass or less, and an average value of major diameters of two-dimensional surfaces of the conductive two-dimensional particles is 1.0 μm or more.

A conductor may be rated. First, a conductor core comprising a first material and having a core elongation may be provided. Next, a plurality of conductor strands may be provided. The plurality of conductor strands may comprise a second material. The elongation of the plurality of conductor strands may be one of greater than the core elongation or equal to the core elongation. Then a rating for a conductor comprising the conductor core and the plurality of conductor strands may be provided. The rating may include a composite rated breaking strength of the conductor being a function of the core elongation and not being limited by the elongation of the plurality of conductor strands.

A hybrid actuation device including a first plate and a second plate coupled to the first plate, a shape memory alloy wire coupled to the first plate and the second plate, a bladder positioned between the first plate and the second plate, the bladder housing a fluid, a first fixed electrode coupled to the second plate, and a flexible electrode coupled to the first plate and extending along the first fixed electrode.

A hybrid actuation device including a first plate and a second plate coupled to the first plate, a shape memory alloy wire coupled to the first plate and the second plate, a bladder positioned between the first plate and the second plate, the bladder housing a fluid, a first fixed electrode coupled to the second plate, and a flexible electrode coupled to the first plate and extending along the first fixed electrode.

A cluster of non-collapsed nanowires, a template to produce the same, methods to obtain the template and to obtain the cluster by using the template, and devices having the cluster. The cluster and the template both have an interconnected region and an interconnection-free region.

A conductive film that includes: particles of a layered material including one or more layers, wherein each of the one or more layers includes a layer body represented by: M.sub.mX.sub.n, wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof, n is 1 to 4, m is greater than n and 5 or less, a modification or termination T is present on a surface of the layer body, where the T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, or a hydrogen atom; and a phosphorus atom in an amount of 0.001% by mass to less than 0.09% by mass.

A conductive particle including a conductive powder, a conductive polymer composition, and an anisotropic conductive sheet, each of which has a particularly smaller volume resistivity and better conductivity than those of the related art, and is desirably inexpensive. A conductive particle includes a first plating layer (pure Ni plating layer or Ni plating layer containing 4.0 mass % or less of P) covering the surface of a spherical Ni core containing 5 mass % to 15 mass % or less of P. The conductive particle may further include a Au plating layer having a thickness of from 5 nm to 200 nm and covering the surface of the first plating layer.

[Object] To provide fine particles 2 having good printing characteristics, good thermal conductivity, and good electrical conductivity.

[Solution] The fine particles 2 are flake-like. A main component of the fine particles 2 is an electrically conductive metal. A typical metal is silver. A particle diameter D50 of particles including a large number of the fine particles 2 is equal to or greater than 0.10 μm but equal to or less than 0.50 μm, a particle diameter D95 of the particles is equal to or less than 1.00 μm, and a maximum particle diameter Dmax of the particles is equal to or less than 3.00 μm. A particle diameter D10 of the particles is equal to or greater than 0.05 μm. A BET specific surface area of the particles is equal to or greater than 2.0 m.sup.2/g. A tap density TD of the particles is equal to or greater than 2.0 g/cm.sup.3. An average Tave of thicknesses of the fine particles 2 is equal to or less than 0.05 μm.

Virus multilayers can be used as templates for growth of inorganic nanomaterials. For example, layer-by-layer construction of virus multilayers on functionalized surfaces form nanoporous structures onto which metal particles or metal oxide nanoparticles can be nucleated to result in an interconnected network of nanowires.