A capacitor with an anode and a dielectric over the anode. A first conductive polymer layer is over the dielectric wherein the first conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a first binder. A second conductive polymer layer is over the first conductive polymer layer wherein the second conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a second binder and wherein the first binder is more hydrophilic than the second binder.

The present invention relates to the doping of organic semiconductors and processes for producing layers of p-doped organic semiconductors. Disclosed is a process for p-doping organic semiconductors comprising treating the organic semiconductor with an oxidized salt of the organic semiconductor. A process for producing a layer of a p-doped organic semiconductor comprising producing a p-doped organic semiconductor by treating the organic semiconductor with an oxidized salt of the organic semiconductor; disposing a composition comprising a solvent and the p-doped organic semiconductor on a substrate; and removing the solvent is also described. Also disclosed is a process for producing a layer of a p-doped organic semiconductor comprising: disposing a composition comprising a solvent, the organic semiconductor and a protic ionic liquid on a substrate; and removing the solvent. A process for producing a semiconductor device comprising a process for doping an organic semiconductor according to the invention is also described. Finally, a high purity p-dopant composition is described.

A method of growing a III-V semiconductor compound film for a semiconductor device including the steps of depositing a textured oxide buffer layer on an inexpensive substrate, depositing a metal-inorganic film from a eutectic alloy on the buffer layer, the metal being a component of a III-V compound and forming a layer on the inorganic film on which additional elements from the III-V compound are added, forming a top layer of a tandem solar cell.

The invention relates to a method for producing electrode foils (1) for capacitors (10), comprising the method steps of: A) providing a metal foil (1), B) transferring microstructures (2) located on a stamping die onto a main surface of the metal foil by a reforming process.

Disclosed is a photoelectrochemical cell to convert solar energy into electrical energy and to a process for the realization of the photoelectrochemical cell. The photoelectrochemical cell includes: —a first conductive external membrane; —a nanomembrane fixed to the first membrane and including titanium dioxide; —a natural pigment absorbed in the nanomembrane; —a second conductive external membrane disposed in an opposite position to the first membrane; an electrolyte, disposed between the nanomembrane and the second membrane.

An electrolytic capacitor production method is performed in the following procedure. An anode body having a dielectric layer is impregnated with a dispersion containing a conductive polymer and a first solvent. Then, a pH of the dispersion with which the anode body has been impregnated is adjusted or a base is added to the dispersion with which the anode body has been impregnated. Then, at least a part of the first solvent is removed from the anode body.

A solid electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element, an anode terminal, a cathode terminal, and a sealing resin covering the capacitor element. The anode terminal includes a support portion for supporting the capacitor element, and an anode standing portion formed upright relative to the support portion. The capacitor element includes an anode wire projecting from a porous sintered body. The anode wire is placed on the upper end face of the anode standing portion. The anode wire and the anode standing portion have parts that are exposed from the sealing resin and covered by an electrically conductive anode terminal covering layer for ensuring electrical connection between the anode wire and the anode terminal.

A capacitor assembly that is stable under extreme conditions is provided. A capacitor assembly that is capable of achieving a high capacitance and yet remain thermally and mechanically stable under extreme conditions. Even at high capacitance values, good mechanical stability can be achieved by connecting multiple individual capacitor elements to the housing of the assembly. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that the use of multiple elements increases the surface area over which the elements are connected to the housing. Among other things, this allows the elements to dissipate vibrational forces incurred during use over a larger area, which reduces the likelihood of delamination. The capacitor elements are also enclosed and hermetically sealed within a single housing in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas, thereby limiting the amount of oxygen and moisture supplied to the solid electrolyte of the capacitor elements. Through the combination of the features noted above, the capacitor assembly is able to better function under extreme conditions.

A method for preparing a tantalum power of capacitor grade, comprising: solid tantalum nitride is added when potassium fluotantalate is reduced by sodium. The method increases the nitrogen content in the tantalum powder, and at the same time improves the electrical performance of the tantalum powder. The specific capacitance is increased, and the leakage current and loss is improved. The qualification rate of the anode and the capacitor product is also improved. The method is characterized in that the nitrogen in the tantalum nitride diffuses between the particles of the tantalum powder, with substantially no loss, and thus the nitrogen content is accurate and controllable.

A solid electrolytic capacitor that comprises an anode that contains a dielectric formed on a sintered porous body is provided. The sintered porous body is formed from a valve metal powder having a specific charge of about 100,000 microFarads*Volts per gram or more. The solid electrolyte overlies the anode, and includes an intrinsically conductive polymer containing repeating units having the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein, R is (CH.sub.2).sub.a—O—(CH.sub.2).sub.b; a is from 0 to 10; b is from 1 to 18; Z is an anion; and X is a cation.