This invention concerns a power module comprising a power device, a baseplate, circuit carrier, and a flat stacked aluminium electrolytic snubber capacitor comprising a layered structure of a cathode layer, a separator layer, comprising paper and an electrolyte and an anode layer, comprising an aluminium material with an aluminium oxide dielectric, wherein the circuit carrier are mounted on the baseplate, the power device and snubber capacitor are placed on the circuit carrier within the power module and electrically connected to the circuit carrier, the circuit carrier being configured for providing an electrical connection between the power device and the snubber capacitor.

An electrode for a photovoltaic device such as a dye sensitized solar cell includes a uniform layer of ZnO nanorods formed on a transparent conductive substrate and a natural dye, such as pigments from a natural source like coffee, on the ZnO nanorods. A dye sensitized solar cell formed from the electrode as a working electrode and a carbon-based counter electrode, such as a carbon soot layer on a transparent conductive substrate. The electrode and dye sensitized solar cell are formed by a simple, cost effective, environmentally friendly and easily scalable method.

Provided is a method for preparing lead iodide, which controls the crystal form of lead iodide through temperature, including: dissolving a lead compound in a first acid solution and adding an iodine compound to form a reaction solution including the first lead iodide; and heating the reaction solution to a temperature of 60° C. or more and standing at a constant temperature, to obtain the second lead iodide, wherein a peak intensity of the (003) crystal plane of the second lead iodide is greater than or equal to a peak intensity of the (110) crystal plane. Provided is also a method for preparing the perovskite film.

Provided is a solid electrolytic capacitor having large capacitance, low ESR, and superior high-frequency characteristics and high-temperature endurance. The solid electrolytic capacitor is provided with: a cathode 10 having a cathode substrate 11 made of a valve metal and having an etching pit 11a; an oxide layer 12 made of an oxide of the valve metal provided on a surface of the cathode substrate 11, and a carbon coating layer 13 provided on a surface of the oxide layer 12, the carbon coating layer 13 including carbon particles and having an entry area 13a that enters the etching pit 11a and a penetration area 13b that penetrates through the oxide layer 12 and conducts with the cathode substrate 11; an anode having an anode substrate made of a valve metal, and a dielectric layer provided on a surface of the anode substrate and made of an oxide of the valve metal that composes the anode substrate; and a solid electrolyte layer including a conductive polymer provided between the carbon coating layer of the cathode and the dielectric layer of the anode.

An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element. The capacitor element includes an anode part, a cathode part, and an intermediate part. The anode part includes a first portion that is a part of an anode body having a porous region, and a first dielectric layer. The intermediate part includes a second portion of the anode body, a second dielectric layer, and a first insulating member containing a first resin component. The cathode part includes a third portion of the anode body, a third dielectric layer, a solid electrolyte layer covering at least a part of the third dielectric layer, and a cathode lead-out layer covering at least a part of the solid electrolyte layer. The first resin component contains a curing product of a first reactive compound. At least a part of the first insulating member is disposed in pores of the porous region in the intermediate part.

An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element. The capacitor element includes a separator, an anode body and a cathode body each having a foil shape and facing each other with the separator disposed between the anode body and the cathode body, and an electrolyte layer being in contact with the anode body, the cathode body, and the separator. The electrolyte layer contains a first conductive polymer and a first compound having a melting point of 50° C. or higher. The first compound is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a sugar and a polyhydric alcohol. The first compound is unevenly distributed in the electrolyte layer.

A tandem photovoltaic device includes a silicon photovoltaic cell having a silicon layer, a perovskite photovoltaic cell having a perovskite layer, and an intermediate layer between a rear side of the perovskite photovoltaic cell and a front (sunward) side of the silicon photovoltaic cell. The front side of the silicon layer has a textured surface, with a peak-to-valley height of structures in the textured surface of less than 1 μm or less than 2 μm. The textured surface is planarized by the intermediate layer or a layer of the perovskite photovoltaic cell. Forming the tandem photovoltaic device includes texturing a silicon containing layer of a silicon photovoltaic cell and operatively coupling a perovskite photovoltaic cell comprising a perovskite layer to the silicon photovoltaic cell, thereby forming a tandem photovoltaic device and planarizing the textured surface of the silicon containing layer of the silicon photovoltaic cell.

A solid electrolytic capacitor according to an aspect includes an anode body made of a valve metal, a dielectric layer formed on the anode body, a solid electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric layer, and a cathode body layer formed on the solid electrolyte layer. The solid electrolyte layer includes a first layer containing a first conductive polymer doped with a monomolecular dopant, and a second conductive polymer composed of a self-doped-type conductive polymer containing a plurality of side chains containing a functional group, the functional group being able to be doped, and a second layer formed on the first layer and containing a third conductive polymer doped with a polymer dopant; and the first conductive polymer is in contact with the third conductive polymer (the second layer).

Structures and methods for manufacturing photovoltaic devices by forming perovskite layers and perovskite precursor layers using vapor transport deposition (VTD) are described.

Disclosed is an electrolytic capacitor including a capacitor element. The capacitor element includes an anode body having a dielectric layer formed at a surface of the anode body, and an electrolyte layer disposed adjacent to the dielectric layer. The electrolyte layer contains a conductive polymer doped with a dopant, conductive particles, and a non-aqueous solvent.