A dielectric material is provided. The dielectric material includes at least one layer of a substantially continuous phase material. The material is selected from the group consisting of an organic, organometallic, or combination thereof in which the substantially continuous phase material has delocalized electrons.

A heating circuit for an energy storage device having a core with an electrolyte, the energy storage device having inputs, characteristics of a capacitance across the electrolyte and the core, and internal surface capacitance between the inputs which can store electric field energy between internal electrodes of the energy storage device that are coupled to the inputs, the battery heating circuit including: a controller configured to switch between a positive input voltage and a negative input voltage provided to one of the inputs at a frequency sufficient to effectively short the internal surface capacitance of the energy storage device to generate heat and raise a temperature of the electrolyte, the controller being further configured to discontinue the switching when the temperature of the electrolyte and/or the energy storage device is above a predetermined temperature that is considered sufficient to increase a charging efficiency of the energy storage device.

Provided is an energy storage apparatus including: a neighboring member disposed adjacently to an energy storage device; and a terminal member disposed adjacently to the neighboring member on a side opposite to the energy storage device, wherein the terminal member has: a body extending along the neighboring member; and a bolt member having a head portion and a shaft portion extending from the head portion, and mounted on the body in a state where the shaft portion is made to pass through the body from a neighboring member side, the neighboring member has a protruding portion protruding in an axial direction of the shaft portion, and the protruding portion is inserted into the body at a position where at least a portion of the protruding portion overlaps with a projection region of the shaft portion in the axial direction.

Provided is an energy storage apparatus including: a neighboring member disposed adjacently to an energy storage device; and a terminal member disposed adjacently to the neighboring member on a side opposite to the energy storage device, wherein the terminal member has: a body extending along the neighboring member; and a bolt member having a head portion and a shaft portion extending from the head portion, and mounted on the body in a state where the shaft portion is made to pass through the body from a neighboring member side, the neighboring member has a protruding portion protruding in an axial direction of the shaft portion, and the protruding portion is inserted into the body at a position where at least a portion of the protruding portion overlaps with a projection region of the shaft portion in the axial direction.

An electrode includes a core portion including a first metal, and a porous portion disposed in contact with the core portion. The porous portion includes a porous body, a first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer. The porous body is integrated with the core portion and includes the first metal. The first dielectric layer covers at least a part of a surface of the porous body. And the second dielectric layer covers at least a part of the first dielectric layer. The first dielectric layer includes oxide of first metal, and the second dielectric layer includes oxide of a second metal. The second metal is different from the first metal. When T is a thickness of the porous portion, the second metal is distributed to a region closer to the core portion than a position of 0.5T from a boundary between the core portion and the porous portion.

An electrode includes a core portion including a first metal, and a porous portion disposed in contact with the core portion. The porous portion includes a porous body, a first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer. The porous body is integrated with the core portion and includes the first metal. The first dielectric layer covers at least a part of a surface of the porous body. And the second dielectric layer covers at least a part of the first dielectric layer. The first dielectric layer includes oxide of first metal, and the second dielectric layer includes oxide of a second metal. The second metal is different from the first metal. When T is a thickness of the porous portion, the second metal is distributed to a region closer to the core portion than a position of 0.5T from a boundary between the core portion and the porous portion.

A highly reliable surface-mounted resistor, which prevents a problem of disconnection between an electrode and a terminal of a chip resistor when heating during mounting, is disclosed. The surface-mounted resistor includes a chip resistor comprising a plate-shaped substrate, a resistance body formed on an upper surface of the substrate, and an electrode connected the resistance body and drawn from the upper surface of the substrate to a lower surface via an end surface, a plate-shaped lead terminal connected to the electrode of the chip resistor, the plate-shaped lead terminal being fixed to the electrode of the substrate on the lower surface side, and an exterior member covering an entire chip resistor and a part of the lead terminal.

A bipolar capacitor-assisted solid-state battery is disclosed that includes a plurality of electrochemical battery unit cells, each of which includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a lithium ion-conductive electrolyte-containing separator disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The lithium ion-conductive electrolyte-containing separator of each electrochemical battery unit cell comprises a solid-state electrolyte material, and, additionally, at least one negative electrode of the electrochemical battery unit cells or at least one positive electrode of the electrochemical battery unit cells includes a capacitor material. The bipolar capacitor-assisted solid-state battery further includes a bipolar current collector disposed between a negative electrode of one electrochemical battery unit cell and a positive electrode of an adjacent electrochemical battery unit cell. A method for manufacturing the disclosed bipolar capacitor-assisted solid-state battery is also disclosed.

A method for heating an energy storage device having a core with an electrolyte, the method including: providing the energy storage device having inputs and characteristics of a capacitance across the electrolyte and the core and internal surface capacitance between the inputs which can store electric field energy between internal electrodes of the energy storage device that are coupled to the inputs; switching between a positive input voltage and a negative input voltage provided to one of the inputs at a frequency sufficient to effectively short the internal surface capacitance of the energy storage device to generate heat and raise a temperature of the electrolyte; and discontinuing the switching when the temperature of the electrolyte is above a predetermined temperature that is considered sufficient to increase a charging efficiency of the energy storage device.

A hybrid energy storage device is provided. The energy storage device represents a combined capacitor and battery in modular form. The capacitor and the battery may be individually selected based on application needs, and then mechanically combined into a single electrical energy storage device. A method of forming a charge storage device is also provided herein. The method includes selecting a size for a capacitor, and selecting a size for a battery. A module for the capacitor having the selected size and a separate module for the battery having the selected size are then mechanically and electrically connected to form an integral energy storage device.