Compositions, devices, and methods for determining ionizing radiation are generally described.

An imaging system includes an x-ray assembly having one or more x-ray sources configured to be energized at multiple positions. A control program energizes the one or more x-ray sources in a programmed sequence and controls the timing of the sequence.

A X-ray generating device includes a chamber, a rotating body in the chamber, a starting material storage vessel for storing a target starting material in liquid form, and a starting material supply mechanism for applying the target starting material onto a surface of the rotating body. The X-ray generating device also includes an energy beam inlet window disposed at an opening of the chamber and configured to transmit an energy beam, which will be directed onto the target starting material on the surface of the rotating body and introduce the energy beam from the exterior of the chamber to the interior of the chamber, and an X-ray outlet window disposed at the opening of the chamber and configured to transmit the X-rays, which are generated upon irradiating the target starting material with the energy beam, and allow the X-rays to proceed to the exterior of the chamber.

An X-ray generating tube includes: an anode including a target and an anode member electrically connected to the target; a cathode including an electron emitting source and a cathode member electrically connected to the electron emitting source; and an insulating tube joined at one end to the anode member and joined at the other end to the cathode member so that the target and the electron emitting portion face each other, in which an inner circumferential conductive film is formed on an inner surface of the insulating tube; an end surface conductive film extends from one edge of the inner circumferential conductive film on the one end side onto a surface of the one end of the insulating tube; and the end surface conductive film is sandwiched between the end surface and the anode member to be electrically connected to the anode member.

Technology is described for electronically aligning a central ray of an x-ray tube to a radiation detector. In an example, an x-ray system includes an x-ray tube and a tube control unit (TCU). The x-ray tube includes a cathode that includes an electron emitter configured to emit an electron beam, an anode configured to receive the electron beam and generate x-rays with a central ray from electrons of the electron beam colliding on a focal spot of the anode, and a steering magnetic multipole between the cathode and the anode that is configured to produce a steering magnetic field from a steering signal. At least two poles of the steering magnetic multipole are on opposite sides of the electron beam. The TCU includes at least one steering driver configured to generate the steering signal. The TCU is configured to convert an offset value to the steering signal.

Technology is described for calibrating a deflected position of a central ray of an x-ray tube to a radiation imager. An x-ray system includes an x-ray tube and a tube control unit (TCU). The x-ray tube includes a cathode that includes an electron emitter configured to emit an electron beam, an anode configured to receive the electron beam and generate x-rays with a central ray from electrons of the electron beam colliding on a focal spot of the anode, and a steering magnetic multipole between the cathode and the anode that is configured to produce a steering magnetic field from a steering signal. At least two poles of the steering magnetic multipole are on opposite sides of the electron beam. The TCU includes at least one steering driver configured to generate the steering signal. The TCU is configured to convert a position correction value to the steering signal.

Methods for generating a multiple-energy X-ray pulse. A beam of electrons is generated with an electron gun and modulated prior to injection into an accelerating structure to achieve at least a first and specified beam current amplitude over the course of respective beam current temporal profiles. A radio frequency field is applied to the accelerating structure with a specified RF field amplitude and a specified RF temporal profile. The first and second specified beam current amplitudes are injected serially, each after a specified delay, in such a manner as to achieve at least two distinct endpoint energies of electrons accelerated within the accelerating structure during a course of a single RF-pulse. The beam of electrons is accelerated by the radio frequency field within the accelerating structure to produce accelerated electrons which impinge upon a target for generating Bremsstrahlung X-rays.

An x-ray device utilizes a band of material to exchange charge through tribocharging within a chamber maintained at low fluid pressure. The charge is utilized to generate x-rays within the housing, which may pass through a window of the housing. Various contact rods may be used as part of the tribocharging process.

In examples, it is disclosed an inspection system comprising: a secondary source of radiation configured to generate secondary electromagnetic radiation for inspection of a load in response to being irradiated by primary electromagnetic radiation from a primary generator of electromagnetic radiation; and one or more detectors configured to detect radiation from the load after interaction with the secondary inspection beam.

The radiation-irradiation device includes: a radiation generating unit that generates radiation; a collimator unit that controls an irradiation range to be irradiated with the radiation generated by the radiation generating unit; and an interval ensuring unit that includes a contact member being in contact with a subject to be irradiated with the radiation in a case in which a distance between the radiation generating unit and the subject is shorter than a preset distance, and ensures an interval between the radiation generating unit and the subject. The interval ensuring unit is detachably mounted on the collimator unit and is capable of being mounted at different rotational positions about an axis, which passes through a center of a diaphragm of the collimator unit and extends in the direction of an optical axis of the radiation, as a central axis.