A composition includes a compound of the formula A.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.z, wherein A is an A-site element and includes Ba, Ca, Cu, Dy, Er, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Y, or Yb, or a combination thereof, M is an M-site element and includes Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Sc, or P, or a combination thereof, and 0<x1, 0<y2, (3)z(4), and 1<<1. Use of the composition as a catalyst composition, for example an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst composition, in gas diffusion electrodes, and in metal-air batteries is also described.

A composition includes a compound of the formula A.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.z, wherein A is an A-site element and includes Ba, Ca, Cu, Dy, Er, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Y, or Yb, or a combination thereof, M is an M-site element and includes Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Sc, or P, or a combination thereof, and 0<x1, 0<y2, (3)z(4), and 1<<1. Use of the composition as a catalyst composition, for example an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst composition, in gas diffusion electrodes, and in metal-air batteries is also described.

A hybrid energy storage device includes a positive pole including a supercapacitor first electrode and a battery positive electrode located in a same plane and contacts with each other, a negative pole including a supercapacitor second electrode and a battery negative electrode located in a same plane and contacts with each other, and a separator located between the positive pole and the negative pole. The supercapacitor second electrode, the battery negative electrode, the supercapacitor first electrode, the battery positive electrode, and the separator are planar structures. The supercapacitor first electrode, the supercapacitor second electrode, the battery positive electrode, the battery negative electrode, the separator and electrolyte are packaged in a shell.

An electric energy storage device is provided, which includes first and second conductor layers, and positive and negative electrodes. Each of the first and second conductor layers has both surfaces coated with ionic or dipole material. A bilayer is comprised of the first conductor layer and the second conductor layer and ionic material layer sandwiched between them. A multilayer structure is comprised of millions of bilayers which are stacked together one by one. The positive electrode is attached to the first conductor layer and the negative electrode is attached to the last conductor layer. The first conductor layer is stacked on top of the second conductor layer with a nanometer-scale interval and with the ionic material layer inbetween, forming a bilayer structure and a quantum heterostructure. The first and second conductor layers form a bilayer configured to store electrical energy in the bilayer in a form of binding energy.

An electrochemical cell including a shell delimiting a space filled with an electrolytic solution, and a set of at least two different electrochemical systems selected from among a supercapacitor, a hybrid supercapacitor, and an accumulator, the set being arranged in the space filled with the electrolytic solution. A system for storing and restoring electric energy, or a vehicle, or a hybrid vehicle car can include such an electrochemical cell and can include such a system for storing and restoring electric energy.

A control system for controlling the temperature in a high-temperature battery to which hot air is supplied via an air duct system or in a high-temperature electrolyzer to which hot air is supplied via an air duct system is provided. The control system includes at least two temperature probes designed to detect the temperature at two different points in the air duct system, at least one first air-conditioning unit for physically conditioning the air, mounted in the air duct system upstream of the high-temperature battery or high-temperature electrolyzer, and a recirculation duct which recirculates hot air discharged from the high-temperature battery or high-temperature electrolyzer to a point in the air duct system upstream of the high-temperature battery or high-temperature electrolyzer and feeds the hot air back into the air duct system. The control system controls the first air-conditioning unit in accordance with the temperatures detected by the temperature probes.

This invention demonstrates that direct government funding of translational science research can elevate the standard of living of constituents of sovereign currency-issuing countries and is preferable to funding full employment of the involuntary unemployed as espoused in modern monetary theory (MMT). Full employment of the involuntary unemployed population through government public work programs is an unproven economic policy which suffers from political obstacles as well as inflationary concerns and may promote a population of marginally productive federal workers. Unlike MMT direct government investment in successful transformative translational scientific research will increase real GDP per capita and lower prices benefiting from multiplier effects and acquisition of intellectual property. Numerous examples of translational scientific research based on sound scientific principles are presented, which are likely to be successful but may disrupt the profit motives of corporations or established plans of nonprofits and academia.