An energy distribution system. The energy distribution system has a housing with a rear terminal and a front terminal. An inlet unit receives air therethrough. The inlet unit then passes the air through a one-way valve into a reservoir where the air molecules undergo ionization. Once ionized, the gaseous air is converted into a plasma state. After being converted into the plasma state, electric energy is generated by a pair of magnets and stored in a capacitor.

Hybrid batteries and hybrid battery systems are provided. The hybrid battery systems described herein can include at least one first electrode comprising a first active material, at least one second electrode comprising a second active material, at least one first opposite electrode positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode, a plurality of separators, and an electrolyte. Each of the plurality of separators is positioned between the at least one first electrode and the at least one first opposite electrode and between the at least one second electrode and the at least one first opposite electrode. The hybrid battery systems can be lithium-ion hybrid battery systems.

Hybrid batteries and hybrid battery systems are provided. The hybrid battery systems described herein can include at least one first electrode comprising a first active material, at least one second electrode comprising a second active material, at least one first opposite electrode positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode, a plurality of separators, and an electrolyte. Each of the plurality of separators is positioned between the at least one first electrode and the at least one first opposite electrode and between the at least one second electrode and the at least one first opposite electrode. The hybrid battery systems can be lithium-ion hybrid battery systems.

Disclosed is a hybrid electrochemical cell with a first conductor having at least one portion that is both a first capacitor electrode and a first battery electrode. The hybrid electrochemical cell further includes a second conductor having at least one portion that is a second capacitor electrode and at least one other portion that is a second battery electrode. An electrolyte is in contact with both the first conductor and the second conductor. In some embodiments, the hybrid electrochemical cell further includes a separator between the first conductor and the second conductor to prevent physical contact between the first conductor and the second conductor, while facilitating ion transport between the first conductor and the second conductor.

A system for discharging or charging a capacitor of a hybrid vehicle according to the present disclosure includes a target state of charge (SOC) module and a capacitor charge/discharge module. The target SOC module determines a target state of charge of the capacitor based on a speed of the vehicle. The capacitor charge/discharge module determines whether a state of charge of a capacitor is greater than a target state of charge. The capacitor charge/discharge module dissipates power from the capacitor to at least one of a battery of the vehicle and an electrical load of the vehicle when the state of charge of the capacitor is greater than the target state of charge.

Provided is a metal-air battery including a cathode having a space which may be filled with a metal oxide formed during a discharge of the metal-air battery and thus having improved energy density and lifespan. The cathode for the metal-air battery includes a plurality of cathode materials, a plurality of electrolyte films disposed on surfaces of the plurality of cathode materials, and a plurality of spaces which are not occupied by the plurality of cathode materials and the plurality of electrolyte films. A volume of the plurality of spaces may be greater than or equal to a maximum space of a metal oxide formed during a discharge of the metal-air battery.

At least one of the anode and cathode of a lithium-ion processing electrochemical cell are prepared with a layer of mixed particles of both active lithium battery electrode materials and lithium ion adsorbing capacitor materials, or with co-extensive, contiguous layers of battery electrode particles in one layer and capacitor particles in the adjoining layer. The proportions of active battery electrode particles and active capacitor particles in one or both of the electrodes are predetermined to provide specified energy density (Wh/kg) and power density (W/kg) properties of the cell for its intended application.

At least one of the anode and cathode of a lithium-ion processing electrochemical cell are prepared with a layer of mixed particles of both active lithium battery electrode materials and lithium ion adsorbing capacitor materials, or with co-extensive, contiguous layers of battery electrode particles in one layer and capacitor particles in the adjoining layer. The proportions of active battery electrode particles and active capacitor particles in one or both of the electrodes are predetermined to provide specified energy density (Wh/kg) and power density (W/kg) properties of the cell for its intended application.

Provided are solid-state electrolyte structures. The solid-state electrolyte structures are ion-conducting materials. The solid-state electrolyte structures may be formed by 3-D printing using 3-D printable compositions. 3-D printable compositions may include ion-conducting materials and at least one dispersant, a binder, a plasticizer, or a solvent or any combination of one or more dispersant, binder, plasticizer, or solvent. The solid-state electrolyte structures can be used in electrochemical devices.

Hybrid electrochemical cells and modules include an anode two-sided current collector a coated with host material in anode region(s) and a cathode two-sided current collector coated with active material in cathode region(s), and one or more of the anode current collector and the cathode current collector is coated with capacitor material in one or more distinct, non-overlapping capacitor regions. A hybrid anode and/or cathode can include gaps between capacitor regions and anode regions and cathode regions. The capacitor material applied to an electrode is different from the host or active material thereof. Active material includes lithium metal oxides and lithium metal phosphates such as LiFePO.sub.4, Li(Ni.sub.xMn.sub.yCo.sub.z)O.sub.2, and/or LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4; host material includes graphite, silicon, silicon-Li/Sn/Cu alloys, Si/Co/Fe/TiSn oxides, and low-surface area carbon; and capacitor material includes activated carbon, metal oxides, and metal sulfides.