Antennas and methods for using the same are described. In one embodiment, the antenna comprises an aperture having a plurality of radio-frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements, the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements being grouped into three or more sets of RF radiating antenna elements, with each set being separately controlled to generate a beam at a frequency band in a first mode.

Antennas and methods for using the same are described. In one embodiment, the antenna comprises an aperture having a plurality of radio-frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements, the plurality of RF radiating antenna elements being grouped into three or more sets of RF radiating antenna elements, with each set being separately controlled to generate a beam at a frequency band in a first mode.

An antenna element transfers a radiofrequency signal and dissipates heat. The antenna element includes a periphery and first and second pairs of fins. The periphery has a length and a width with the length approximately equaling the width. The first and second pairs of fins extend in height from inside the periphery. The first pair of fins are separated by a shared gap for transferring a first polarization of the radiofrequency signal, and the second pair of fins are separated by the shared gap for transferring a second polarization of the radiofrequency signal that is orthogonal to the first polarization. An antenna array includes multiple instances of the antenna element for transferring the radiofrequency signal and for dissipating the heat.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a motorized drive assembly that includes a motor and a drive assembly, where the drive assembly has an axle configured to be disposed through a rotatable substrate of a polarization shifter for a dual-polarized radiating element, the axle being further configured to fasten, at a first end of the axle, to a support structure of the polarization shifter, wherein, when the motorized drive assembly is assembled to the polarization shifter, the motor is controllable to impart rotational forces, via movement of the axle, to the polarization shifter to effect polarization adjusting for the dual-polarized radiating element. Other embodiments are disclosed.

A microwave distribution network includes stacks of layers, each layer including unit cells. The unit cells have a coaxial input connected to three transmission lines with an angular span of 120°. The layers are configured as a hexagonal lattice formed with replicated unit cells. The coaxial inputs are at the hexagon corners. Each unit cell is connected to three neighbor unit cells. The coaxial inputs of the unit cells and neighbor cells are oriented on a Z-axis of a Cartesian system of axes in which the three transmission lines are on an XY plane, such that the input orientation on the Z-axis is opposite to the former unit cell on the same Z-axis. The distance between coaxial inputs is λ/4, where λ is the wavelength of a microwave distribution network operating frequency. Adjacent layers are interconnected by the coaxial inputs of the unit cells arranged in an opposite direction.

A microwave distribution network includes stacks of layers, each layer including unit cells. The unit cells have a coaxial input connected to three transmission lines with an angular span of 120°. The layers are configured as a hexagonal lattice formed with replicated unit cells. The coaxial inputs are at the hexagon corners. Each unit cell is connected to three neighbor unit cells. The coaxial inputs of the unit cells and neighbor cells are oriented on a Z-axis of a Cartesian system of axes in which the three transmission lines are on an XY plane, such that the input orientation on the Z-axis is opposite to the former unit cell on the same Z-axis. The distance between coaxial inputs is λ/4, where λ is the wavelength of a microwave distribution network operating frequency. Adjacent layers are interconnected by the coaxial inputs of the unit cells arranged in an opposite direction.

Provided is an antenna system mounted in a vehicle according to one embodiment. The antenna system may comprise a circuit board disposed in a metal frame disposed inside a roof or a roof frame of the vehicle. The antenna system may further comprise a first antenna connected to a first feeding part of the circuit board and configured to radiate a first signal through a first metal patch disposed on a front surface and one side of a dielectric carrier. The antenna system may further comprise a second antenna connected to a second feeding part of the circuit board and configured to radiate a second signal through a second metal patch disposed on the front surface and the one side of the dielectric carrier.

An electronic device includes one or more antenna arrays; and a controller configured to control the one or more antenna arrays. The controller is configured to maintain a current beam formed in a first sector by the one or more antenna arrays in an on state and turn on a new beam in a second sector that is different from the first sector, and turn off either the current beam or the new beam based on whether a signal quality of the new beam is greater than a signal quality of the current beam.

An electronic device includes: an electronic device includes: a housing; a first antenna structure provided in an inner space of the housing, the first antenna structure including: a first substrate having a first substrate surface facing a first direction and a second substrate surface facing a second direction opposite to the first direction, the first substrate including a plurality of first insulating layers and a first ground layer disposed on at least one of the plurality of first insulating layers; and a conductive patch disposed on one of the plurality of first insulating layers and overlapping the first ground layer; and a second antenna structure disposed in an opening of the first substrate in the inner space of the housing, the second antenna structure including: a second substrate having a third substrate surface facing the first direction and a fourth substrate surface facing the second direction, the second substrate including a plurality of second insulating layers that are stacked and a second ground layer; and at least two antenna elements disposed on a second insulating layer, among the plurality of second insulating layers, that is closer to the third substrate surface than the fourth substrate surface, wherein the conductive patch at least partly surrounds the second antenna structure.

Systems, apparatuses, and methods provides for technology that controls a confocal antenna system. The technology controls an Integrated Phased Array (IPA) feed system to emit electromagnetic energy towards a sub-reflector, where the sub-reflector reflects the electromagnetic energy to a main reflector, and further where the main reflector receives and reflects the electromagnetic energy to form a radiation pattern on an area. The radiation pattern has a first size and a first gain. The technology conducts an identification that the radiation pattern is to be adjusted so as to adjust the first size to a second size and adjust the first gain to a second gain. In response to the identification, the technology moves the main reflector linearly along a first axis, and electronically steers a beam of the electromagnetic energy emitted from the IPA feed system towards the sub-reflector.