Embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation in an electro-optical apparatus. An electro-optical apparatus comprises a core region; a cladding region extending around the core region, and a first layer of a material extending along an interface between the core region and the cladding region, wherein the first layer is configured with a changing refractive index along at least a first direction; and a set of driving electrical contacts configured to apply a voltage in a second direction on the first layer, such that electrons in the first layer are accelerated between the set of driving electrical contacts to generate a surface polariton wave at the interface between the core region and the cladding region, wherein the surface polariton wave propagates in the first direction, and wherein a thickness of the first layer is less than an extinction length of the surface polariton wave in the material, and the first layer is positioned a distance less than or equal to the extinction length of the surface polariton from the interface between the core region and the cladding region.

According to one embodiment, a magnetic sensor includes a first sensor element and a first interconnect. The first sensor element includes a first magnetic layer, a first opposing magnetic layer, and a first nonmagnetic layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the first opposing magnetic layer. A first magnetization of the first magnetic layer is aligned with a first length direction crossing a first stacking direction from the first magnetic layer toward the first opposing magnetic layer. At least a portion of the first interconnect extends along the first length direction. The first interconnect cross direction crosses the first length direction and is from the first sensor element toward the portion of the first interconnect. A first electrical resistance of the first sensor element changes according to an alternating current flowing in the first interconnect and a sensed magnetic field applied to the first sensor element.

A panel television support and mounting kit allows the consumer to employ any of the three modes of support, namely stand mount, elevated console mount and wall mount. The elevated console mount incorporates a vertical spine to elevate the panel television above the console and an offset arm to support the television over an upper shelf of the console. A mounting structure is provided that can be attached to the spine or to a wall. Pivoting and tilting is accommodated by the mounting structure.

A method includes accelerating an electron bunch along a direction of propagation to a relativistic energy and partitioning the electron bunch by transmitting the electron bunch through a grating at the relativistic energy. The grating includes a plurality of alternating narrow portions and wide portions. The narrow portions have a first thickness in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch, and the wide portions have a second thickness in the direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch. The second thickness is greater than the first thickness. The method also includes generating a pulse of light using the partitioned electron bunch.

A method includes accelerating an electron bunch along a direction of propagation to a relativistic energy and partitioning the electron bunch by transmitting the electron bunch through a grating at the relativistic energy. The grating includes a plurality of alternating narrow portions and wide portions. The narrow portions have a first thickness in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch, and the wide portions have a second thickness in the direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch. The second thickness is greater than the first thickness. The method also includes generating a pulse of light using the partitioned electron bunch.

Low power MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) radiation is used to non-invasively record molecular activity in a biological object such as a brain. Low power MASER radiation is also used to neuromodulate molecular targets via Rabi coupling, resulting for example in conformational and function change in specific molecular targets such as ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, G-proteins, or dopamine receptors. The method can be used to change the energy state of targeted molecules via energization or enervation, or to ablate targeted molecules.

A phased-array MASER detector for synthetic aperture interferometric three-dimensional imaging. The detector elements, for example 10.sup.2-10.sup.6 zero bias Schottky detector diodes with sufficient sensitivity to reliably detect various values of MASER radiation, are arranged in layers offset in three dimensions. The phased-array MASER detector is particularly useful for detecting characteristics in a biological object using low energy (2-10 Watts), coherent MASER radiation. MASER intensity data of an interferometric pattern is collected by the detector array, is deconvolved, and is used to generate three-dimensional energy activity maps for a given time slice or on a time-shifting basis.

A laser module includes a laser source and an optical marshalling module. The laser source is configured to generate and output a plurality of laser beams. The plurality of laser beams have different wavelengths relative to each other. The different wavelengths are distinguishable to an optical data communication system. The optical marshalling module is configured to receive the plurality of laser beams from the laser source and distribute a portion of each of the plurality of laser beams to each of a plurality of optical output ports of the optical marshalling module, such that all of the different wavelengths of the plurality of laser beams are provided to each of the plurality of optical output ports of the optical marshalling module. An optical amplifying module can be included to amplify laser light output from the optical marshalling module and provide the amplified laser light as output from the laser module.

A method includes accelerating an electron bunch along a direction of propagation to a relativistic energy and partitioning the electron bunch by transmitting the electron bunch through a grating at the relativistic energy. The grating includes a plurality of alternating narrow portions and wide portions. The narrow portions have a first thickness in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch, and the wide portions have a second thickness in the direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch. The second thickness is greater than the first thickness. The method also includes generating a pulse of light using the partitioned electron bunch.

A method includes accelerating an electron bunch along a direction of propagation to a relativistic energy and partitioning the electron bunch by transmitting the electron bunch through a grating at the relativistic energy. The grating includes a plurality of alternating narrow portions and wide portions. The narrow portions have a first thickness in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch, and the wide portions have a second thickness in the direction substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the electron bunch. The second thickness is greater than the first thickness. The method also includes generating a pulse of light using the partitioned electron bunch.