Embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation in an electro-optical apparatus. An electro-optical apparatus comprises a core region; a cladding region extending around the core region, and a first layer of a material extending along an interface between the core region and the cladding region, wherein the first layer is configured with a changing refractive index along at least a first direction; and a set of driving electrical contacts configured to apply a voltage in a second direction on the first layer, such that electrons in the first layer are accelerated between the set of driving electrical contacts to generate a surface polariton wave at the interface between the core region and the cladding region, wherein the surface polariton wave propagates in the first direction, and wherein a thickness of the first layer is less than an extinction length of the surface polariton wave in the material, and the first layer is positioned a distance less than or equal to the extinction length of the surface polariton from the interface between the core region and the cladding region.

Embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation in an electro-optical apparatus. An electro-optical apparatus comprises a core region; a cladding region extending around the core region, and a first layer of a material extending along an interface between the core region and the cladding region, wherein the first layer is configured with a changing refractive index along at least a first direction; and a set of driving electrical contacts configured to apply a voltage in a second direction on the first layer, such that electrons in the first layer are accelerated between the set of driving electrical contacts to generate a surface polariton wave at the interface between the core region and the cladding region, wherein the surface polariton wave propagates in the first direction, and wherein a thickness of the first layer is less than an extinction length of the surface polariton wave in the material, and the first layer is positioned a distance less than or equal to the extinction length of the surface polariton from the interface between the core region and the cladding region.

Low power MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) radiation is used to non-invasively record molecular activity in a biological object such as a brain. Low power MASER radiation is also used to neuromodulate molecular targets via Rabi coupling, resulting for example in conformational and function change in specific molecular targets such as ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, G-proteins, or dopamine receptors. The method can be used to change the energy state of targeted molecules via energization or enervation, or to ablate targeted molecules.

A method for manufacturing a portable data carrier by means of a continuous manufacturing method, comprises the steps: providing at least one foil as a rolled good, unrolling at least one first foil, with at least a first foil being coated at least partly with an adhesive on at least one side, with at least the first foil being scored on at least one side along at least one creasing edge, with at least the first foil being folded up in precise fit along at least one creasing edge and bonded, with the foil being folded up in the direction of the side which is coated with adhesive, with the side coated with adhesive being arranged on the opposite side of the foil which has at least one scored creasing edge along which it is folded.

A laser module includes a laser source and an optical marshalling module. The laser source is configured to generate and output a plurality of laser beams. The plurality of laser beams have different wavelengths relative to each other. The different wavelengths are distinguishable to an optical data communication system. The optical marshalling module is configured to receive the plurality of laser beams from the laser source and distribute a portion of each of the plurality of laser beams to each of a plurality of optical output ports of the optical marshalling module, such that all of the different wavelengths of the plurality of laser beams are provided to each of the plurality of optical output ports of the optical marshalling module. An optical amplifying module can be included to amplify laser light output from the optical marshalling module and provide the amplified laser light as output from the laser module.

An apparatus for novel technique of high-speed magnetic recording based on manipulating pinning layer in magnetic tunnel junction-based memory by using terahertz magnon laser is provided. The apparatus comprises a terahertz writing head configured to generate a tunable terahertz writing signal and a memory cell including a spacer that comprises a thickness configured based on Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction. The memory cell comprises two separate memory states: a first binary state and a second binary state; wherein the first binary memory state corresponds to a ferromagnetic sign of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction corresponding to a first thickness value of the spacer; and wherein the second binary memory state corresponds to an antiferromagnetic sign of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction corresponding to a second thickness value of the spacer. The thickness of the spacer is manipulated by the tunable terahertz writing signal.

An apparatus for novel technique of high-speed magnetic recording based on manipulating pinning layer in magnetic tunnel junction-based memory by using terahertz magnon laser is provided. The apparatus comprises a terahertz writing head configured to generate a tunable terahertz writing signal and a memory cell including a spacer that comprises a thickness configured based on Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction. The memory cell comprises two separate memory states: a first binary state and a second binary state; wherein the first binary memory state corresponds to a ferromagnetic sign of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction corresponding to a first thickness value of the spacer; and wherein the second binary memory state corresponds to an antiferromagnetic sign of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction corresponding to a second thickness value of the spacer. The thickness of the spacer is manipulated by the tunable terahertz writing signal.

Described herein are system for evaluating operation of a battery by utilizing battery operating data for the battery and utilizing battery operating data for a plurality of other batteries. A system for evaluating operation of a first battery based on measured temperature and voltage monitored in the first battery and in a plurality of other batteries, the system comprising: a battery monitor circuit and a remote device in communicative connection with the battery monitor circuit, wherein the battery monitor circuit wirelessly transmits temperature and voltage information for the first battery to the remote device, wherein the remote device receives temperature and voltage information associated with a plurality of other batteries, and the remote device is configured to evaluate a condition of the first battery as a function of both: (i) the temperature and voltage information of the first battery and (ii) the temperature and voltage information of the plurality of other batteries.

One object is to provide an electronic component in which a standoff for filling solder is maintained. An electronic component according to an embodiment of the present invention is configured to be surface-mountable on a circuit board. The electronic component includes: an insulating base member; an internal conductor provided in the base member; a first external electrode provided on the mounting surface of the base member so as to be electrically connected to the internal conductor; and a second external electrode provided on the mounting surface of the base member so as to be electrically connected to the internal conductor. The first external electrode has a first protrusion, and the second external electrode has a second protrusion. The first protrusion and the second protrusion enables a standoff for filling solder to be maintained within a region defined by the mounting surface of the base member and the circuit board.

A method for manufacturing a camera module array, made up of at least two camera modules, each camera module including a circuit carrier, an image sensor and at least one optical element, including: mounting the image sensor on the circuit carriers; applying a protective layer to the circuit carriers, the image sensors not being covered by the protective layer or being left exposed; and mounting the optical elements on the image sensors with the aid of an injection molding process and/or embossing process.