An ignition apparatus includes a spark plug and an ignition coil. The spark plug has a plug terminal protruding proximalward from an insulator. The ignition coil includes a coil main body, which includes a primary coil and a secondary coil, and a helical spring that electrically connects the secondary coil and the plug terminal. The plug terminal is made of a material that is both electrically conductive and magnetic. The plug terminal includes a terminal main body, which has an outer diameter greater than an inner diameter of the spring, and a terminal extension portion that has an outer diameter less than the inner diameter of the spring and extends proximalward from the terminal main body. A distal end portion of the spring abuts the terminal main body. The terminal extension portion is inserted and arranged in the spring. Between an outer circumferential surface of the terminal extension portion and an inner circumferential surface of the spring, there is interposed an insulating member.

A method to determine reference actuator positions for a gasoline engine, includes entering a base torque request, a known spark advance, a known CAM position and a known exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve position into an inverse torque model to generate a first iteration desired air per cylinder (APC) value. The first iteration desired APC value is passed through a deadband filter to produce a filtered first iteration desired APC signal. A Predicted As Cal (PAC) spark advance is calculated for the filtered first iteration desired APC value. The PAC spark advance and the base torque request are modified, and data from a first lookup table is entered to generate a second iteration desired APC value.

A method to determine reference actuator positions for a gasoline engine, includes entering a base torque request, a known spark advance, a known CAM position and a known exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve position into an inverse torque model to generate a first iteration desired air per cylinder (APC) value. The first iteration desired APC value is passed through a deadband filter to produce a filtered first iteration desired APC signal. A Predicted As Cal (PAC) spark advance is calculated for the filtered first iteration desired APC value. The PAC spark advance and the base torque request are modified, and data from a first lookup table is entered to generate a second iteration desired APC value.

A method for maximizing a fuel efficiency of an engine includes the steps of providing an engine including a plurality of cylinder bores formed therein, disposing at least one first permanent magnet on a piston and at least one second permanent magnet on the throw, disposing a plurality of electromagnets in the engine block, selectively attracting and repelling the at least one first and second permanent magnets with a magnetic field of the electromagnets to affect a motion of the piston in respect of the engine block and deactivating and reactivating the plurality of cylinder bores in a desired sequence by stopping a flow of fuel thereto and a flow of electrical energy to a spark plug for a deactivated cylinder bore without deactivating an intake valve or an exhaust valve for the deactivated cylinder bore.

The disclosure relates to an engine having a cylinder head which is divided into multiple sections which each delimit a combustion chamber of a cylinder of the engine and which each comprise inlet and outlet ducts, inlet and outlet valves, and a spark device which is fastened in a through hole of the cylinder head section, for at least one cylinder head section a throttle flap being provided for completely closing the corresponding inlet duct in the event of a deactivation of the associated cylinder. In the at least one cylinder head section, a first gas flow duct is formed between the through hole and the outlet duct, and the spark device is in the form of a rotary slide valve with integrated spark electrodes and is configured to selectively either keep the first gas flow duct closed or connect said first gas flow duct to the associated combustion chamber.

A spark plug that satisfies the relation 2.8(A+B)/M, where A is the sum of a length A1 of contact between a sheet packing and a metallic shell of a spark plug in one half section and a length A2 of contact between the sheet packing and the insulator in the one half section, and B is the sum of a length B1 of contact between the sheet packing and the metallic shell in the other half section and a length B2 of contact between the sheet packing and the insulator in the other half section. M is the difference obtained by subtracting the inner diameter D of a ledge from the inner diameter C of a middle hole portion.

A spark plug that satisfies the relation 2.8(A+B)/M, where A is the sum of a length A1 of contact between a sheet packing and a metallic shell of a spark plug in one half section and a length A2 of contact between the sheet packing and the insulator in the one half section, and B is the sum of a length B1 of contact between the sheet packing and the metallic shell in the other half section and a length B2 of contact between the sheet packing and the insulator in the other half section. M is the difference obtained by subtracting the inner diameter D of a ledge from the inner diameter C of a middle hole portion.

A gaseous fuel injector for supplying gaseous fuel to a gaseous fuel combustion engine includes an injector housing which receives an injector assembly and supplies gaseous fuel thereto. The injector housing has an inlet at a first end, a nozzle with an outlet at a second open end and a chamber between the inlet and the outlet. The injector housing includes an ignition arrangement at the second open end.

A spark plug includes a tube-shaped metal shell, an insulator having an outer circumference, at least part of which is held by the metal shell, the insulator including an axial hole extending along an axial line, a center electrode disposed in the axial hole, and a ground electrode fixed to the metal shell. The ground electrode includes an outer layer and an inner layer covered with the outer layer, the inner layer having a thermal conductivity higher than a thermal conductivity of the outer layer. A ratio L of L2 to L1 (=L2/L1) falls within a range of 5% to 50% where a width of the inner layer in a width direction of the ground electrode is denoted with L1 and a dimension of an oxide located in an interlayer portion between the outer layer and the inner layer in the width direction is denoted with L2.

A coil secure bracket system including a bracket assembly, a plurality of threaded-studs to removably couple to the bracket assembly via a plurality of first-machined-holes in the bracket assembly, and to an engine valve cover. Also included is a plurality of nuts configured to coupled to the bracket assembly by the plurality of threaded-studs, a plurality of set-screws to removably couple to the bracket assembly via the plurality of second-threaded-holes to hold the engine ignition coils to the engine, a plurality of jam-nuts removably coupled to the set-screws to maintain the set-screws in the bracket assembly. The coil secure bracket system is useful for securing engine ignition coils to the engine when the exiting fastening means has become damaged such that a replacement of engine valve covers may be required.