A method and device for measuring ion concentration in a defined space including disposing at least one conductive surface in a defined space, generating a flow of ions from an ion generator having an anode and a cathode into the defined space, measuring one of voltage across or direct current (DC) through a resistor connected between the cathode and the at least one conductive surface, and determining ion concentration in the defined space based upon a proportionality of ion concentration to the measured voltage or current.

A portable ionization unit for attachment to an overhead airflow nozzle is disclosed. The ionization unit includes a housing. A rechargeable self-contained ionizer is positioned inside the housing. The housing is attachable to the overhead airflow nozzle. Once the ionization unit is attached to the overhead airflow nozzle, a dome of bipolar ionized air is created above the seated passenger.

A conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”) launches wire-tethered electrodes to provide a current through a human or animal target to impede locomotion of the target. The current may ionize air in a gap. A gap may occur between terminals at a face of the CEW and/or between the electrodes positioned near target tissue. A CEW may include a detector to detect ionization of air in a gap. A CEW may use information related to detecting ionization to determine a location where the ionization occurred. Information regarding location of ionization may be used to determine whether the current was delivered through the target via the electrodes.

A conducted electrical weapon (“CEW”) launches wire-tethered electrodes to provide a current through a human or animal target to impede locomotion of the target. The current may ionize air in a gap. A gap may occur between terminals at a face of the CEW and/or between the electrodes positioned near target tissue. A CEW may include a detector to detect ionization of air in a gap. A CEW may use information related to detecting ionization to determine a location where the ionization occurred. Information regarding location of ionization may be used to determine whether the current was delivered through the target via the electrodes.

An electrostatic carrier is described for carrying a substrate for handling through different processes. The carrier has a dielectric plate having a top side and a bottom side and configured to be attached on a top side of the plate to a substrate using electrostatic force, and a base plate coupled to a bottom side of the dielectric plate. Electrodes are formed on the base plate and extend across the base plate parallel to the top side of the dielectric plate. The electrodes are configured to carry an electrostatic charge and formed so that electrodes of a first charge are positioned near electrodes of a second charge. Connectors extend through the base plate to the electrodes to couple the electrodes to a source of electrostatic charge.

A portable rechargeable personal ionic air purifier energizing a personal airspace and cleaning particulate pollutants therefrom in a manner that poses little or no personal shock risk and that minimizes battery drain to maximize battery life includes ionization means and ionization actuation means cooperative to provide ion bursts at regular intervals to energize and to clean particulates from the personal airspace. The ionization means includes an ion emitter and the ionization activation means includes means for providing a pulse train of predetermined frequency and duty cycle. The ion emitter may be removably mounted to a portable housing and/or to a facemask or other objects in the personal airspace via an elongated flexible cable.

A portable rechargeable personal ionic air purifier energizing a personal airspace and cleaning particulate pollutants therefrom in a manner that poses little or no personal shock risk and that minimizes battery drain to maximize battery life includes ionization means and ionization actuation means cooperative to provide ion bursts at regular intervals to energize and to clean particulates from the personal airspace. The ionization means includes an ion emitter and the ionization activation means includes means for providing a pulse train of predetermined frequency and duty cycle. The ion emitter may be removably mounted to a portable housing and/or to a facemask or other objects in the personal airspace via an elongated flexible cable.

Substrate supports comprising a top plate positioned on a shaft are described. The top plate including a primary heating element a first depth from the surface of the top plate, a inner zone heating element a second depth from the surface of the top plate and an outer zone heating element a third depth from the surface of the top plate. Substrate support assemblies comprising a plurality of substrate supports and methods of processing a substrate are also disclosed.

An electrification apparatus for dust collection includes an electrification module configured to generate ions that are emitted to air. The electrification module comprises: a high voltage tip comprising at least one discharge tip configured to emit the ions in a direction opposite to a flow direction of the air, a conductive plate that surrounds the discharge tip and that is configured to generate an electric potential difference with the discharge tip of the high voltage tip, a lower frame that mounts the conductive plate and the high voltage tip, an upper frame that is coupled to a first side of the lower frame and that covers the conductive plate and the high voltage tip, the discharge tip protruding outward through the upper frame, and a ground mesh coupled to a second side of the lower frame.

An electrification apparatus for dust collection includes an electrification module configured to generate ions that are emitted to air. The electrification module comprises: a high voltage tip comprising at least one discharge tip configured to emit the ions in a direction opposite to a flow direction of the air, a conductive plate that surrounds the discharge tip and that is configured to generate an electric potential difference with the discharge tip of the high voltage tip, a lower frame that mounts the conductive plate and the high voltage tip, an upper frame that is coupled to a first side of the lower frame and that covers the conductive plate and the high voltage tip, the discharge tip protruding outward through the upper frame, and a ground mesh coupled to a second side of the lower frame.