An input/output (I/O) interface includes a resistance-to-current (R/I) converter; an internal resistor; first, second, and third current sources; first and second diodes; and a comparator. The R/I converter is coupled to an I/O pin and generates an output current based on an external resistance at the I/O pin during an analog operating mode. The internal resistor is coupled to the I/O pin and to ground. The first current source is coupled to the R/I converter circuit. The first diode is coupled to the R/I converter and to the I/O pin. The second current source is coupled to the R/I converter and the first diode and to ground. The second diode is coupled to the I/O pin and to the third current source. The comparator has inputs coupled to the I/O pin and to a reference voltage, and outputs a control signal indicative of a digital operating mode.

An apparatus includes at least one fuse clearing switch operable to create a fault on at least one AC line between a fuse and a transformer of a substation. The apparatus further includes a control system configured to be coupled to an arc detector and to operate the at least one fuse clearing switch responsive to a control signal produced by the arc detector.

An apparatus includes at least one fuse clearing switch operable to create a fault on at least one AC line between a fuse and a transformer of a substation. The apparatus further includes a control system configured to be coupled to an arc detector and to operate the at least one fuse clearing switch responsive to a control signal produced by the arc detector.

A vehicle electrical system, particularly for a motor vehicle. The vehicle electrical system has at least two electrical system branches, a disconnecting switch device between the two electrical system branches, wherein the disconnecting switch device has a first controllable switch unit and a series circuit having a second controllable switch unit and an overcurrent protection unit, wherein the first switch unit and the series circuit are electrically connected to each other in parallel between the two electrical system branches, and a control unit which in an idle mode of the vehicle electrical system, is equipped to switch the first switch unit into an open, current-disconnecting switching state and to keep it in the current-disconnecting switching state and to switch the second switch unit into a closed, current-carrying switching state and to keep it in this current-carrying switching state. A motor vehicle with the above-mentioned vehicle electrical system is also disclosed.

A vehicle electrical system, particularly for a motor vehicle. The vehicle electrical system has at least two electrical system branches, a disconnecting switch device between the two electrical system branches, wherein the disconnecting switch device has a first controllable switch unit and a series circuit having a second controllable switch unit and an overcurrent protection unit, wherein the first switch unit and the series circuit are electrically connected to each other in parallel between the two electrical system branches, and a control unit which in an idle mode of the vehicle electrical system, is equipped to switch the first switch unit into an open, current-disconnecting switching state and to keep it in the current-disconnecting switching state and to switch the second switch unit into a closed, current-carrying switching state and to keep it in this current-carrying switching state. A motor vehicle with the above-mentioned vehicle electrical system is also disclosed.

A reclosing fault protection device detects a partial bypass state. Upon detecting the partial bypass state, the fault protection device implements a ground trip delay operating state. The ground trip delay operating state provides a delayed ground trip response characteristic.

An apparatus includes at least one fuse clearing switch operable to create a fault on at least one AC line between a fuse and a transformer of a substation. The apparatus further includes a control system configured to be coupled to an arc detector and to operate the at least one fuse clearing switch responsive to a control signal produced by the arc detector.

A triggering circuit and an electronic fuse device incorporating the same. The triggering circuit works with a microcontroller to control a load. The microcontroller has a low-power mode and an external interrupt input for triggering wakeup from the low-power mode and initiating an interrupt action related to the load. The triggering circuit comprises a sensor input for receiving a sensor signal related to the load, a threshold input for receiving a threshold reference signal, and a comparator for comparing the sensor signal to the threshold reference signal and for outputting an interrupt signal to the external interrupt input in response to the comparison.

A heating device includes a heater, an AC-voltage input section between which an AC voltage is applied, a fuse, a switcher, an AC-voltage-abnormality detector configured to detect an abnormality of the AC voltage, a controller. The controller is configured to execute a current-flowing operation in a state in which connection of a first connection terminal to a second connection terminal is a non-connecting state. The current-flowing operation is an operation in which an electrical current flows through the heater. The controller is configured to execute a connecting process in response to detection of the abnormality of the AC voltage by the AC-voltage-abnormality detector detected in the middle of the current-flowing operation. The connecting process is a process of switching a connection of a first connecting point to a second connecting point from a non-connecting state to a connecting state.

In accordance with an embodiment, a circuit includes: a supply pin and an output pin for connecting a load, and a configuration pin; a semiconductor switch connected between the supply pin and the output pin and configured to establish or to block a current path between the supply pin and the output pin depending on a control signal; and a control circuit configured to generate the control signal for the semiconductor switch taking account of a first parameter, and set the first parameter depending on a component parameter of an external component connected to the configuration pin. The first parameter is set to a first standard value when the component parameter is less than a first threshold value, and the first parameter is set to a second standard value when the component parameter is greater than a second threshold value.