A method for controlling a charging current limiting value for a battery management system. In one example, the method includes determining, for a measured temperature and a prescribed state of charge, reference currents for various time intervals; calculating a corresponding reference time constant for each reference current by using a model for the calculation of a mean value of a charging current based on a continuous current; constituting a diagram for the relationship between the reference time constant and the reference current; determining a predictive time constant by the comparison of a measured value of a charging current with the reference currents; calculating a predictive limiting mean value of the charging current; and calculating a first predictive limiting value i.sub.predS for a short predictive time t.sub.predS, a second predictive limiting value i.sub.predL for a long predictive time t.sub.predL, and a third predictive limiting value i.sub.predP for a continuous predictive time.

A method for carrying out a process for charging an appliance battery of an appliance, with the following steps: providing a charging profile that specifies a maximally permissible charging current for charging the appliance battery in a manner depending on a state of charge of the appliance battery; ascertaining a current state of health of the appliance battery; providing a reference state of health that predetermines a customary state of health for a calendrical age of the appliance battery; charging the appliance battery in a manner depending on a corrected maximally permissible charging current, the corrected maximally permissible charging current being ascertained by applying a correction value to the maximally permissible charging current, the correction value being determined in a manner depending on a correction function, depending on a difference between the reference state of health and the current state of health.

A controller discharges a traction battery according to power limits defined by output that is indicative of a state of charge of the traction battery and is updated by a bar delta filter according to a balancing current. The balancing current is associated with each cell of a string of series connected cells of the traction battery and represents a deviation of an estimated current through the cell from a total current of the string.

A battery charging cable can be connected to a power supplying device and supply electricity to, and thereby charge, the battery of another device when the battery is low in power. The battery charging cable includes a USB Type-C connector at one end and a positive-electrode clamp and a negative-electrode clamp at the other end, wherein the clamps can be respectively clamped to the positive and negative electrodes of the battery of a device to be charged. With the battery charging cable supporting a USB Power Delivery protocol, and the USB Type-C connector configured to provide a relatively high voltage and power, the battery charging cable provides overload protection and has great power transmission performance.

An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a charging circuit, a battery, and a processor operatively connected to the charging circuit and the battery, wherein the processor is configured to charge the battery with a first voltage corresponding to a first charging level, identify the number of times that supplementary charging is performed after the electronic device is detected to be in a fully-charged state, when the number of times that the supplementary charging is performed exceeds a specified number of times, configure a charging level for charging the battery to a second charging level configured to be lower than the first voltage of the first charging level, and adjust a voltage received from a power transmission device through the charging circuit to a second voltage corresponding to the second charging level and charge the battery with the adjusted second voltage.

An electronic device and method are disclosed. The electronic device includes: a battery, a wireless power transfer (WPT) coil, wireless power transceiver circuitry, a charging circuit, and a processor electrically connected to the wireless power transceiver circuitry and the charging circuit. The processor implements the method, including: receiving first detecting power from an external electronic device, determining whether a reception voltage generated by the received first detecting power is higher than a first predetermined voltage value, based on detecting that the reception voltage is higher than the first predetermined voltage value, supplying power from the battery to the wireless power transceiver circuitry, outputting via the WPT coil, foreign object detecting power based on the supplied power, and based on detecting an electrical change in the foreign object detecting power caused by presence of a foreign object, determining that an error has occurred.

A remote computer server communicates with a fleet of electric vehicles, and gathers telemetry data from the fleet of electric vehicles. An intelligent EVSE unit and/or a DC fast charging unit communicates with the remote server, and charges an electric vehicle based at least in part on the telemetry data from the fleet of electric vehicles. The remote computer server can generate charging instructions based at least in part on the telemetry data gathered from the fleet of electric vehicles. The intelligent EVSE unit and/or the DC fast charging unit receive the charging instructions, and charge the electric vehicle based at least in part on the charging instructions, the telemetry data, and/or an existent electrical load associated with an electrical panel of a house or a building.

According to an embodiment, a wireless power transmitting device may include a transmission coil, a power providing circuit, and at least one controller. The at least one controller may be configured to control the power providing circuit to apply first power to the transmission coil, identify a resonant frequency, based on a voltage measured at the transmission coil in response to the first power applied to the transmission coil, based on a difference between the identified resonant frequency and a reference frequency meeting a designated condition, identify that a foreign object is placed on a charging area of the wireless power transmitting device, and based on the difference between the identified resonant frequency and the reference frequency failing to meet the designated condition, control the power providing circuit to apply, to the transmission coil, at least one second power for performing communication with a wireless power receiving device.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for sliding mode control enabled hybrid energy storage. In a specific embodiment, the system can include: a photovoltaic power generation unit; a hybrid energy storage system, where the hybrid storage system can include a battery, a supercapacitor, where the supercapacitor provides excess power demand based on different loading conditions, and a rate limiter; a sliding mode controller, where the slide mode controller controls a current in a hybrid energy storage system; a supercapacitor charging control; and a proportional integral controller. In a specific embodiment, the method can include: decoupling an average and transient hybrid energy storage system current with a single rate limiter, where the decoupling includes a battery discharge rate; regulating a battery current with a first sliding mode controller; and regulating a supercapacitor current with a second sliding mode controller, where a supercapacitor provides excess power demand.

A substrate rotating apparatus may include a spin chuck supporting a substrate and a stage rotating the spin chuck about an axis parallel to a first direction. The spin chuck may include a first magnetic element and a substrate supporting member thereon. The stage may include a stage housing, a rotating part rotating about the axis, an inner control unit controlling rotation of the rotating part, a power supplying part supplying a power to the rotating part, and a wireless communication part receiving a control signal from an outside and transmitting the control signal to the inner control unit. The rotating part may include a second magnetic element spaced apart from the first magnetic element and a rotation driver rotating the second magnetic element. The rotating part, the inner control unit, the power supplying part, and the wireless communication part may be placed in the stage housing.