A modular system is described which can provide high frequency monitoring of power use and responsive control as well as enabling network connectivity for centralised monitoring and operation. One modular system consists of a communications bus, end caps, and a combination of the modules providing communications, power metering, relay control and battery backup. Each modular system can be configured with a combination of modular units as needed for the application. A combination of bus communication monitoring and tilt detection provides security against external tampering after installation.

Systems and methods are described herein to accommodate different settings associated with a converter-based electric power generator and an inverter-based electric power generator for electric power generation within an electric power delivery system. The electric power delivery system may provide electric power generated by a bulk electric system to the loads via distributed substations using a first operating frequency. Moreover, the distributed substations may include inverter-based electric power generators to supply the electric power demand of downstream loads in an islanded configuration. That said, the inverter-based electric power generators may supply the electric power using a second frequency that is higher than the first frequency. Protective systems, positioned downstream from the distributed substations, may use different settings associated with the bulk electric system or the inverter-based electric power generators based on detecting the frequency of the supplied electric power.

The present disclosure provides exemplary embodiments of voltage harvesting devices used in power distribution systems, and provides power distribution system architectures utilizing the voltage harvesting devices. Generally, the voltage harvesting devices transform distribution line AC voltages to produce a low wattage output for distribution system communication and control type devices. The voltage harvesting device can operate whether irrespective of the presence of load current.

Embodiments herein described provide systems and techniques for performing black start operations. For example, one embodiment provides a method for performing black start operations. The method generally includes operating a wind turbine in a wind park in a first mode to provide power to an alternating-current (AC) grid using a control system. The control system may include a reactive power control leg and an active power control leg. The method also includes switching operation of the wind turbine from the first mode to a second mode based on an indication to perform a black start of an electrical grid and by activating a controller with an integral action to thereby increase output power of the wind turbine, the controller being coupled between the reactive power control leg and the active power control leg, and providing power to the electrical grid while operating in the second mode.

An operating component has a sensor device for recording measurement values and a communication device for transmitting a status report. A data storage device stores the recorded measurement values and a status estimation device determines an operating status with the aid of the recorded measurement values.

An operating component has a sensor device for recording measurement values and a communication device for transmitting a status report. A data storage device stores the recorded measurement values and a status estimation device determines an operating status with the aid of the recorded measurement values.

A power metering device includes a tap unit including a clamp for engaging a coaxial cable and a probe for electrically coupling to a center conductor of the coaxial cable without damaging the center conductor. A power consumption meter and a power port are electrically connected to the probe. A power transformer is optionally connected between the probe and the power port. A housing surrounds the meter and transformer. The power port supplies power to a customer device, and the meter measures an amount of power passing through the power port. The power consumed by the customer device is reported by the meter to a modem within the housing. The modem may utilize the probe and the center conductor of the coaxial cable to send power consumption data to a service provider, so that an operator of the customer device may be billed and/or the customer device may be controlled to limit its power consumption. Further, the modem may transfer data between the customer device and the service provider.

A power metering device includes a tap unit including a clamp for engaging a coaxial cable and a probe for electrically coupling to a center conductor of the coaxial cable without damaging the center conductor. A power consumption meter and a power port are electrically connected to the probe. A power transformer is optionally connected between the probe and the power port. A housing surrounds the meter and transformer. The power port supplies power to a customer device, and the meter measures an amount of power passing through the power port. The power consumed by the customer device is reported by the meter to a modem within the housing. The modem may utilize the probe and the center conductor of the coaxial cable to send power consumption data to a service provider, so that an operator of the customer device may be billed and/or the customer device may be controlled to limit its power consumption. Further, the modem may transfer data between the customer device and the service provider.

A system is presented to energize electrical loads with alternating current in a photovoltaic plant having a main DC power line, a photovoltaic generator including a photovoltaic circuit that is made up of photovoltaic strings connected in parallel to the main DC power line and generates a first direct current and a direct DC voltage, and, a main AC power line connected to an electric distribution network. The system includes a converter apparatus connected to the main AC power line and to the main DC power line and converts an alternating current circulating in the main AC power line into a second direct current, feeding it into the photovoltaic circuit through the main DC power line if the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic generator is below a pre-set limit, so as to energize the photovoltaic generator.

A system is presented to energize electrical loads with alternating current in a photovoltaic plant having a main DC power line, a photovoltaic generator including a photovoltaic circuit that is made up of photovoltaic strings connected in parallel to the main DC power line and generates a first direct current and a direct DC voltage, and, a main AC power line connected to an electric distribution network. The system includes a converter apparatus connected to the main AC power line and to the main DC power line and converts an alternating current circulating in the main AC power line into a second direct current, feeding it into the photovoltaic circuit through the main DC power line if the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic generator is below a pre-set limit, so as to energize the photovoltaic generator.