Improved apparatuses and methods of returning magnetic energy of a motor to the motor system. Improved battery systems and configurations are disclosed to enhance recovery of magnetic energy of a motor, to enhance motor efficiency. A power source has a first pole and a second pole. A phase coil is configured to receive electrical energy from the power source to form a magnetic field for imparting motion to a rotor. A battery has a first pole and a second pole, the first pole of the battery configured to receive energy of the magnetic field of the phase coil, the second pole of the battery being coupled to the first pole of the power source and having a polarity that is opposite a polarity of the first pole of the power source.

A rotating electrical machine is provided with: a plurality of bus bars that provide an electrical relay between an external power line, which is positioned on the outside of a housing, and a multiphase coil; an insulation cover that is mounted on the plurality of bus bars with a prescribed gap between each, and covers at least part of the bottom surface of each bus bar; and a coolant supply means that supplies a cooling fluid, which cools a stator, inside the housing. A through-hole, which vertically penetrates a bottom surface, is formed on the bottom surface of the insulation cover.

A motor may include a shaft, a rotor coupled to the shaft, a stator disposed outside the rotor, and a bus bar disposed on the stator. The bus bar may include a terminal connected to a coil of the stator, the terminal includes a first terminal and a second terminal separated from each other in a circuit manner, the first terminal includes a first neutral terminal and a plurality of first phase terminals, the second terminal includes a second neutral terminal and a plurality of second phase terminals, first curvature centers of the plurality of first phase terminals are disposed to be different, second curvature centers of the plurality of second phase terminals are disposed to be different, and a position of a curvature center of the first neutral terminal is the same as a position of a curvature center of the second neutral terminal.

Mechanisms are provided to control the operation of a motor. In particular, a variable frequency drive motor controller is described which resides within a motor housing. Additionally, the speed at which the motor operates is based on a signal received from a Hall Effect switch or from a communication device in communication with a remote interface. The Hall Effect switch is also described; in particular, the Hall Effect switch features a magnet rotatably connected with one side of a motor housing. A Hall Effect sensor, located on the opposite side of the motor housing, detects the position of the magnet and outputs a signal to the motor controller, located within the motor housing, indicating the detected magnet position. Additional operating features are described relating to the safe operation and control of the motor in potentially hazardous environments.

A method for the diagnosis of the offset of the resolver of an electric motor, comprising acquiring a predetermined offset of a resolver associated with the electric motor; in a first transient, supplying an excitation current to the phases of the electric motor. As a consequence of the excitation current, a current established on the axis d of minimum reluctance and a current established on an axis q in phase quadrature with respect to the axis of minimum reluctance are determined. The correctness of the offset of the resolver is diagnosed if the current established on the axis d in the first transient is higher than the current established on the axis d in the second or third transient, and if the current established on the axis q in the first transient is lower than the current established on the axis q in the second or third transient.

A device for ripple controlling an alternator includes an alternator including a rotor and a stator, a detector for detecting a rotation position of the rotor, and a controller for controlling the alternator to generate a toque ripple with an opposite phase to a rotation of a crankshaft of an engine.

A motor includes a shaft presenting a shaft lead end, a switch assembly including a switch arm shiftable between a first position and a second position, and shield structure. The shaft lead end and the switch assembly are disposed axially outward of an endhsield. The shield structure is disposed axially outward of the switch arm to at least substantially restrict direct tool access to the switch arm from an axially outward position relative to the switch arm. The shield structure at least in part defines first and second tool access channels each extending radially inwardly to the shaft lead end, such that the shield structure enables direct tool access to the shaft lead end via the tool access channels but prevents or at least substantially restricts direct tool access to the switch arm via the tool access channels.

A human power conversion system incorporates two or more electric machines to aid in the powering of a vehicle through energy conversion. A first electric machine is coupled with the human powered input and acts as a generator when a human power input is not sufficient to produce electrical power that is provided to a second electric machine that propels the vehicle. The vehicle may be a bicycle and the first electric machine may be coupled to the crank. A bi-coupled electric machine including the first and second electric machines with a common rotor or stator may be employed and coupled to the crank and/or the driven wheel. Power produced by the first electric machine may be provided directly to the second machine or may be stored in a battery and used to propel the vehicle or power other electronic components.

A portable power pack is carried on a back frame and harness. The power pack is battery-operated or gasoline-operated capable of generating up to two thousand two hundred Watts (2200 W) of 110-VAC power. A removable shroud can also be selectively attachable to the frame if so desired.

Provided are claims and disclosure for a toroidal coil apparatus comprising a coiled wire nest further comprising: a top end layer disposed with a center through-layer; a circumferential side wall; a bottom end layer disposed with a center through-layer any one of a top end layer or bottom end layer radially extending through the circumferential side wall to form a vertically stacked coiled wire nest with a center through-nest, wherein the wire length and configuration of each stacked layer is identical and the distance between adjacent coiled wire is identical; at least a single or a plurality of inputs of at least two counter-directional channels in electrical communication with the coiled wire nest and at least a single or plurality of outputs of at least two counter-directional channels; and a coiled wire nest frame, further comprising: a latitudinal center hub with a plurality of slots; a vertical disc with a plurality of slots with staggered teeth; wherein the said vertical disc with staggered teeth is inserted into each slot of the said latitudinal center hub; the said staggered teeth are configured to shape a coiled wire nest with at least two stacked layers of wire with a crossed winding pattern, wherein the wire length and configuration of each stacked layer is identical and the distance between adjacent coiled wire is identical; and a vacuous center in communication with the center through layer of the top end layer and bottom end layer to shape the center through-nest of the coiled wire nest.