The invention describes a metal container that comprises a cathode containing an insulated anode with gases at pressures less than a fraction (0.1-0.9) of a mmHg. Metallic normal glow discharge diode and triode devices with large cold cathode area as efficient charge generator to function as a power cell. A metallic glow discharge device comprising a cylindrical cathode and a coaxial insulated anode containing gas at very low pressure utilizing radial electric field. A metallic normal glow discharge diode device containing a planar geometry, with an insulated metallic plate parallel to the broad side of the container forms the anode, while the container acts as the cathode.

A circuit for generating electrical energy is disclosed. The circuit uses a pulse generator in combination with a conductor. Waste heat can be converted to usable energy due to a cooling effect of the circuit on the conductor. A resultant energy applied to a load is larger than the energy supplied by the pulse generator due to the absorption of external energy by the conductor.

A circuit for generating electrical energy is disclosed. The circuit uses a pulse generator in combination with a conductor. Waste heat can be converted to usable energy due to a cooling effect of the circuit on the conductor. A resultant energy applied to a load is larger than the energy supplied by the pulse generator due to the absorption of external energy by the conductor.

A circuit for cooling is disclosed. The circuit uses a pulse generator in combination with a conductor. A cooling effect of the circuit on the conductor can be used and can be used in conjunction with a Carnot or Stirling engine. A resultant energy applied to a load is larger than the energy supplied by the pulse generator due to the absorption of external energy by the conductor.

A circuit for cooling is disclosed. The circuit uses a pulse generator in combination with a conductor. A cooling effect of the circuit on the conductor can be used and can be used in conjunction with a Carnot or Stirling engine. A resultant energy applied to a load is larger than the energy supplied by the pulse generator due to the absorption of external energy by the conductor.

In one exemplary aspect, the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in an energy extraction system that includes a decelerator cavity coupled to a transport line for a charged particle beam and an energy conversion device coupled to the decelerator cavity. The decelerator cavity is configured to extract energy from the charged particle beam traveling through the decelerator cavity as RF energy. The energy conversion is configured to convert the RF energy into electrical current and supply the electrical current to an electric power grid. The charged particle beam includes charged particles with individual rest masses greater than the rest mass of an electron.

In one exemplary aspect, the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in an energy extraction system that includes a decelerator cavity coupled to a transport line for a charged particle beam and an energy conversion device coupled to the decelerator cavity. The decelerator cavity is configured to extract energy from the charged particle beam traveling through the decelerator cavity as RF energy. The energy conversion is configured to convert the RF energy into electrical current and supply the electrical current to an electric power grid. The charged particle beam includes charged particles with individual rest masses greater than the rest mass of an electron.

An integrated circuit on a chip may include a plurality of capacitors that are connected in series and generate an AC noise signal. A selected bandwidth of the AC noise signal transmits through the series of capacitors as a first AC power signal. Respective rectifiers are positioned for receiving a positive cycle of the first AC power signal and a negative cycle of the first AC power signal. Output terminals are connected to the respective rectifiers and configured for connection to an off chip circuit. The capacitors may be fixed or variable gap capacitors.

An integrated circuit on a chip may include a plurality of capacitors that are connected in series and generate an AC noise signal. A selected bandwidth of the AC noise signal transmits through the series of capacitors as a first AC power signal. Respective rectifiers are positioned for receiving a positive cycle of the first AC power signal and a negative cycle of the first AC power signal. Output terminals are connected to the respective rectifiers and configured for connection to an off chip circuit. The capacitors may be fixed or variable gap capacitors.

A circuit for generating electrical energy is disclosed. The circuit uses a pulse generator in combination with a conductor. Waste heat can be converted to usable energy due to a cooling effect of the circuit on the conductor. A resultant energy applied to a load is larger than the energy supplied by the pulse generator due to the absorption of external energy by the conductor.