The present invention provides a lead-on detection circuitry of a biopotential acquisition system. The lead-on detection circuitry includes an input terminal, a duty-cycle controller, a transmitting signal generator and a mixer-based receiver. The duty-cycle controller is configured to generate a first clock signal. The transmitting signal generator is configured to generate a transmitting signal to the input terminal according to the first clock signal. The mixer-based receiver is configured to perform a mixing operation based on the first clock signal and the transmitting signal to generate an output signal, wherein the output signal indicates if an electrode of the biopotential acquisition system is in contact with a human body, and the electrode is coupled to the input terminal.

Embodiments herein describe an integrated circuit with a digital front end (DFE) that includes multiple hardened mixers that can be configured to support multiple different radio paths. The DFE provides the ability to distribute the processing across the multiple mixers, which can be combined and synchronized to create a larger mixer or may be used in other combinations to create multiple discrete mixers.

Embodiments herein describe an integrated circuit with a digital front end (DFE) that includes multiple hardened mixers that can be configured to support multiple different radio paths. The DFE provides the ability to distribute the processing across the multiple mixers, which can be combined and synchronized to create a larger mixer or may be used in other combinations to create multiple discrete mixers.

A common method of down converting a received RF signal mixes the received RF signal with a LO signal to create a beat signal. Exemplary embodiments can address multiple simultaneously received RF signals which beat within receiver electronics at frequencies similar to that of the down converted signals. An RF mixer is disclosed using a photonic circuit arranged to impose the RF signal and the LO signal onto separate optical beams. An arrangement provides a beam carrying the RF signal to a first optical input of a balanced photodiode receiver and another beam carrying the RF and LO signals to a second optical input of the balanced photodiode receiver. Any beat products formed between different RF signals will be cancelled out at the electrical output of the balanced photodiode receiver.

A common method of down converting a received RF signal mixes the received RF signal with a LO signal to create a beat signal. Exemplary embodiments can address multiple simultaneously received RF signals which beat within receiver electronics at frequencies similar to that of the down converted signals. An RF mixer is disclosed using a photonic circuit arranged to impose the RF signal and the LO signal onto separate optical beams. An arrangement provides a beam carrying the RF signal to a first optical input of a balanced photodiode receiver and another beam carrying the RF and LO signals to a second optical input of the balanced photodiode receiver. Any beat products formed between different RF signals will be cancelled out at the electrical output of the balanced photodiode receiver.

An electronic circuit according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a first circuit, a second circuit electrically insulated from the first circuit, and a transmitter transmitting a signal between the first and the second circuits. The first circuit receives an input signal, generates a first reference signal, and converts frequencies of the input signal and the first reference signal. The transmitter transmits the frequency-converted input signal and first reference signal to the second circuit. The second circuit converts the frequencies of the transmitted input signal first reference signal to obtain a restored input signal and a restored first reference signal, generates a second reference signal, calculates a gain to be adjusted of the restored input signal based on the restored first reference signal and the second reference signal to adjust the gain of the restored input signal.

Disclosed is a phase demodulator, which includes a transmitter that outputs a reference signal to a target, a receiver that receives a target signal generated in response to the reference signal from the target, and a demodulation processor that demodulates the target signal, and the demodulation processor includes a phase controller that outputs a first phase signal based on the reference signal, a phase shifter that delays a phase of the first phase signal to output a first delayed signal, a mixer that outputs a first mixing signal based on the target signal and the first delay signal, and an amplifier that outputs a first feedback signal generated by amplifying the first mixing signal to the phase controller.

Disclosed is a phase demodulator, which includes a transmitter that outputs a reference signal to a target, a receiver that receives a target signal generated in response to the reference signal from the target, and a demodulation processor that demodulates the target signal, and the demodulation processor includes a phase controller that outputs a first phase signal based on the reference signal, a phase shifter that delays a phase of the first phase signal to output a first delayed signal, a mixer that outputs a first mixing signal based on the target signal and the first delay signal, and an amplifier that outputs a first feedback signal generated by amplifying the first mixing signal to the phase controller.

An electronic circuit according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a first circuit, a second circuit electrically insulated from the first circuit, and a transmitter transmitting a signal between the first and the second circuits. The first circuit receives an input signal, generates a first reference signal, and converts frequencies of the input signal and the first reference signal. The transmitter transmits the frequency-converted input signal and first reference signal to the second circuit. The second circuit converts the frequencies of the transmitted input signal first reference signal to obtain a restored input signal and a restored first reference signal, generates a second reference signal, calculates a gain to be adjusted of the restored input signal based on the restored first reference signal and the second reference signal to adjust the gain of the restored input signal.

High-saturation power Josephson ring modulators and fabrication of the same are provided. A Josephson ring modulator can comprise a plurality of matrix junctions. Matrix junctions of the plurality of matrix junctions can comprise respective superconducting parallel branches that can comprise a plurality of Josephson junctions operatively coupled in a series configuration. A method can comprise forming a first matrix junction comprising arranging a first group of Josephson junctions as first parallel branches. The method can also comprise forming a second matrix junction comprising arranging a second group of Josephson junctions as second parallel branches. Further, the method can comprise forming a third matrix junction comprising arranging a third group of Josephson junctions as third parallel branches. In addition, the method can comprise forming a fourth matrix junction comprising arranging a fourth group of Josephson junctions as fourth parallel branches.