Various examples are provided for tunable radio frequency (RF) filtering. In one example, a RF multiband filter includes a Lyot filter including a tunable birefringence loop including a circulator and a polarization controller (PC) and a phase modulator (PM). The Lyot filter can generate an optical comb based at least in part upon a received optical signal and a polarization rotation angle of the polarization controller. The phase modulator (PM) can generate a modulated tap signal by modulating the optical comb by a RF input signal.

A nonmagnetic spacer layer in a magnetoresistive effect element includes a nonmagnetic metal layer that is formed of Ag and at least one of a first insertion layer that is disposed on a bottom surface of the nonmagnetic metal layer and a second insertion layer that is disposed on a top surface of the nonmagnetic metal layer. The first insertion layer and the second insertion layer include an Fe alloy that is expressed by Fe.sub.X.sub.1-. Here, X denotes one or more elements selected from a group consisting of O, Al, Si, Ga, Mo, Ag, and Au, and satisfies 0<<1.

A nonmagnetic spacer layer in a magnetoresistive effect element includes a nonmagnetic metal layer that is formed of Ag and at least one of a first insertion layer that is disposed on a bottom surface of the nonmagnetic metal layer and a second insertion layer that is disposed on a top surface of the nonmagnetic metal layer. The first insertion layer and the second insertion layer include an Fe alloy that is expressed by Fe.sub.X.sub.1-. Here, X denotes one or more elements selected from a group consisting of O, Al, Si, Ga, Mo, Ag, and Au, and satisfies 0<<1.

Various examples are provided for highly reconfigurable multiband radio frequency (RF) filters. The multiband RF filters can be continuously tunable. In one example, a multiband RF filter includes a Lyot loop filter that can generate an optical comb using an input optical signal from a tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), a birefringent device, and a polarization rotation angle of a polarization controller. The tunable MZI can include a tunable delay line that can adjust comb spacing of the optical comb. In another example, a multiband RF filter includes a second MZI in series with a first MZI. The second MZI can generate a second tunable output signal from a first tunable output signal from the first MZI. In another example, the multiband RF filter can include a third MZI in series with the second MZI. The third MZI can generate a third tunable output signal from the second tunable output signal.

The present disclosure relates to a communication technique for converging Internet of Things (IoT) technology with a 5th Generation (5G) communication system for supporting a higher data transfer rate beyond a 4th Generation (4G) system, and a system therefor. The disclosure can be applied to intelligent services (e.g., smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart or connected cars, health care, digital education, retail business, and services associated with security and safety) on the basis of 5G communication technology and IoT-related technology. An antenna module is provided. The antenna module includes an antenna, and at least one transmission line configured to transmit a first signal through the antenna for transmission or receive a second signal through the antenna for reception. The length of the transmission line may be determined based on the impedance when the first signal or the second signal flows through the transmission line.

An aluminum alloy includes 6 to 8.5 wt % of magnesium (Mg), 4 to 6 wt % of silicon (Si), 0.4 to 0.8 wt % of iron (Fe), 0.2 to 0.5 wt % of manganese (Mn), 0.01 to 0.1 wt % of copper (Cu), 0.05 to 0.15 wt % of titanium (Ti), and the remainder being aluminum (Al), and may be in use for die-casting electronic components or communication components which require weight reduction and high corrosion resistance.

Inductance values are measured though the use of a charge transfer based measurement system. During a first phase, a target inductor is connected to an energy source to allow current through an inductor to increase. In a second phase, the inductor is disconnected from the energy source, to allow the current to decrease, and to facilitate transfer of charge to a capacitor. The phases may be repeated, and a count is kept of the number of repetitions.

There is provided a magnetoresistive effect element having improved magnetoresistive effect. A magnetoresistive effect element MR includes a first ferromagnetic layer 4 as a fixed magnetization layer, a second ferromagnetic layer 6 as a free magnetization layer, and a nonmagnetic spacer layer 5 provided between the first ferromagnetic layer 4 and the second ferromagnetic layer 6. The nonmagnetic spacer layer 5 includes at least one of a first insertion layer 5A provided under the nonmagnetic spacer layer 5 and a second insertion layer 5C provided over the nonmagnetic spacer layer 5. The first insertion layer 5A and the second insertion layer 5C are made of Fe.sub.2TiSi.

An electronic device may include wireless circuitry having an LC filter. The LC filter may include first and second series inductors coupled between the input and output of the LC filter. An input capacitor can be coupled at the input of the LC filter, and an output capacitor can be coupled at the output of the LC filter. Feedforward capacitors can be cross-coupled with the first and second series inductors to at least partially or fully cancel out any parasitic capacitance associated with the first and second series inductors to mitigate any undesired self-resonant effects associated with the series inductors.

In examples, an electronic device includes an antenna and a transmitter line. The transmitter line includes a double-tuned transformer having first and second windings, the first winding having first and second ends, the second winding having third and fourth ends, and the third end coupled to the antenna. The transmitter line includes a first capacitor coupled between the first and second ends. The transmitter line also includes a second capacitor coupled between the third and fourth ends, and a switch coupled between the first end and a reference terminal.