The present disclosure may include, for example, a tunable capacitor having a decoder for generating a plurality of control signals, and an array of tunable switched capacitors comprising a plurality of fixed capacitors coupled to a plurality of switches. The plurality of switches can be controlled by the plurality of control signals to manage a tunable range of reactance of the array of tunable switched capacitors. Additionally, the array of tunable switched capacitors is adapted to have non-uniform quality (Q) factors. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

A gyrator for AC signals was developed. This gyrator comprises a Hall effect material, means for permeating this Hall effect material with a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the plane or surface of the material, at least one input port for coupling an alternating current (I.sub.1; I.sub.2) into the Hall effect material, and at least one output port for outcoupling an output voltage (U.sub.2; U.sub.1) which is a measure of the Hall voltage generated by the incoupled alternating current. Each of these ports has at least two terminals, which are connected to the outside. At least one terminal of each port is connected to a connecting electrode, which is electrically insulated from the Hall effect material and forms a capacitor together with the Hall effect material. The alternating current is thus capacitively coupled into the Hall effect material, and the output voltage is capacitively coupled out of the Hall effect material. The capacitive coupling of the connecting electrodes provides boundary conditions for the potential in the interior of the Hall effect material, which do not necessarily force potential jumps there. The development of hot spots, at which energy is dissipated, in the region of potential jumps can thereby advantageously be reduced or even entirely suppressed.

A signal interconnect includes a transmission line, a termination circuit coupled to the transmission line, and a high pass filter circuit coupled in series along the transmission line. The high pass filter circuit includes a first resistive circuit and a first capacitive circuit coupled in parallel. The first resistive circuit has a resistance based on a difference between a resistance of the transmission line at a high frequency and a resistance of the transmission line at a low frequency.

A gyrator for AC signals comprises a Hall effect material, means for coupling an alternating current (I.sub.1; I.sub.4) into the Hall effect material, means for permeating a Hall effect material with a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the plane or surface of the material, and means far converting a current (I.sub.3; I.sub.2), which was generated by the current I.sub.1 perpendicularly to the electric field generated by I.sub.1 in the Hall effect material, into an output voltage (U.sub.4; U.sub.1). A transformer is provided between at least one conductor loop (1a; 2a) made of a normal-conducting or semi-conducting material and at least one conductor loop (1; 2) made of the Hall effect material for coupling the current (I.sub.1; I.sub.4) into the Hall effect material and/or for converting the current (I.sub.3; I.sub.2) in the Hall effect material into the output voltage (U.sub.4; U.sub.1). It was found that eliminating an inefficient galvanic coupling of the Hall effect material to metallic or semi-conducting conductors minimizes the dissipative losses that occur during the conversion of the input current (I.sub.1; I.sub.4) into the output voltage (U.sub.4; U.sub.1). The gyrator can thus also be used for highly sensitive experiments in quantum information processing at low temperatures.

A drive loop circuit for a MEMS resonator. The circuit comprises a closed loop circuit to detect and amplify a signal of the MEMS resonator, a phase shifting circuit to phase shift the detected and amplified signal, and a feedback circuit to feed the detected, amplified and phase shifted signal as a feedback signal back to the MEMS resonator. The phase shifting circuit can include a low pass filter of at least 2.sup.nd order.

A module includes: a first diplexer including a common terminal coupled to a first antenna, a first terminal, and a second terminal; a first duplexer including a common terminal coupled to the first terminal of the first diplexer and allowing transmission and a reception signals of a first band to pass therethrough; a second duplexer including a common terminal coupled to the second terminal of the first diplexer and allowing transmission and reception signals of a second band of which a frequency band is higher than a frequency band of the first band to pass therethrough; and a third duplexer including a common terminal coupled to a second antenna different from the first antenna and allowing transmission and reception signals of a third band of which a frequency band is between the frequency band of the first band and the frequency band of the second band to pass therethrough.

Metal-oxide-metal (MOM) type capacitors include a first terminal configured to receive a first voltage, the first terminal being formed on a first dielectric layer; a first set of fingers formed on the first dielectric layer, the first set of fingers being coupled to the first terminal via a conductive trace formed on a second dielectric layer; a second terminal configured to receive second voltage, the second terminal being formed on the first dielectric layer; and a second set of fingers formed on the first dielectric layer, the second set of fingers being coupled to the second terminal, wherein the fingers of the second set are interspersed with the fingers of the first set.

A technique relates to a microwave device. The microwave device includes a Josephson ring modulator, a first multimode resonator connected to the Josephson ring modulator, where the first multimode resonator is made of a first left-handed transmission line, and a second multimode resonator connected to the Josephson ring modulator, where the second multimode resonator is made of a second left-handed transmission line.

The present disclosure may include, for example, a tunable capacitor having a decoder for generating a plurality of control signals, and an array of tunable switched capacitors comprising a plurality of fixed capacitors coupled to a plurality of switches. The plurality of switches can be controlled by the plurality of control signals to manage a tunable range of reactance of the array of tunable switched capacitors. Additionally, the array of tunable switched capacitors is adapted to have non-uniform quality (Q) factors. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

A balun includes a first winding which has a first terminal coupled to an input, and a second terminal coupled to a reference potential terminal. The balun includes a second winding magnetically coupled to the first winding. The second winding has a first terminal coupled to a first differential output, a second terminal coupled to a second differential output, and a tap coupled to the reference potential terminal. The balun includes a first capacitor which has a first terminal coupled to the first winding and a second terminal coupled to the second winding. The balun includes a third winding which has a first terminal coupled to the reference potential terminal and a floating second terminal. The balun includes a second capacitor which has a first terminal coupled to the third winding and a second terminal coupled to the second winding.